V. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською або російською мовою, звертаючи увагу на функції інфінітива. 

1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.

2. They are to comment on these proposal.

3. One of the fundamental decisions to be taken by entrepreneurs concerns the geographical location of their enterprise.

4. To enter this market requires a lot of hard work.

5. A system of internal control is to prevent fraud in the company.

6. To prove our statement we give you this information.

VI. Прочитайте і усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 1, 4, 5 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть 2, 3 абзаци.

Fiat money

1. Fiat money is any money whose value is determined by legal means, rather than the strict availability of goods and services which are named on the representative note.

2.Fiat money is created when a type of credit money is declared by a government act (fiat) to be acceptable and officially-recognized payment for all debts, both public and private. Fiat money may thus be symbolic of a commodity or a government promise, though not a completely specified amount of either of these. Fiat money is thus not technically fungible or tradable directly for fixed quantities of anything, except more of the same government's fiat money. Fiat moneys usually trade against each other in value in an international market, as with other goods. An exception to this is when currencies are locked to each other. Many but not all fiat moneys are accepted on the international market as having value. Occasionally, a country will peg the value of its fiat money to that of the fiat money of a larger economy

3.Representative, credit, and fiat money all provide solutions to several limitations of commodity money. Depending on the laws, there may be little or no need to physically transport the money — an electronic exchange may be sufficient. Other types of moneys have as their sole use to be medium of exchange, so their supply is not limited by competing alternate uses. Credit and fiat monies can be created without limit in theory, so there is no limit on trade volumes.

4.Fiat money, if physically represented in the form of currency (paper or coins) can be easily damaged or destroyed. However, here fiat money has an advantage over representative or commodity money, in that the same laws that created the money can also define rules for its replacement in case of damage or destruction.

5.A criticism of credit and fiat moneys relates to the fact that their stabilities are highly dependent on the stability of the legal system backing the currency: should the legal system fail, so will the value of any type of money that depends on it.

VII. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, якa містіть правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What is money whose value is determined by legal means?

а)…credit money.

b)…fiat money.

c)…commodity money.

2. What money is physically represented in the form of currency?

a)…credit money.

b)…fiat money.

c)…commodity money.

3. What money is highly dependent on the stability of the legal system?

a)…credit and fiat money.

b)…credit and commodity money.

c)…commodity and fiat money.

Варіант 4

І. Перепишіть наступні речення , визначте в кожному дієслівну форму і стан дієслова-присудка ( див. зразок 1). Перекладіть речення українською або російською мовою.

1. His office is being shown by him now.

2. A personnel manager has now been appointed.

3. The ordinary share capital of a company will be referred to as the equity of the company.

4. This proposal was objected to.

5. Branches had been established by the United States in Europe, Japan, Latin America.

6. A new collection of memorial coins was being issued to that date.

7. This plan is carefully worked at.

ІІ.  Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською або російською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one. ( див. зразок 2)

IV. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською або російською мовою, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникову підрядність. ( див. зразок 3)

1. I think the project will be ready by tomorrow.

2. The place paper occupies in modern life makes it as necessary as food and water.

3. We didn’t know he hadn’t spoken to the chief.

4. One reason people go to college is that college prepares them to become managers.

V.  Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською або російською мовою, звертаючи увагу на функції інфінітива. 

1. To master a foreign language in a short time is a difficult task.

2. To get the information you need you’d better go to the agency.

3. Further education, a car, a business of your own cost far more than you could hope to pay out of current income.

4. The designers selected all the units to be tested in the experiment.

5. The goal was to research new customers of all economic levels.

6. He is to promise that the matter will be looked into.

VI. Прочитайте і усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 1, 4, 5 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть 2, 3 абзаци.

Money supply

1.The money supply is the amount of money within a specific economy available for purchasing goods or services. The supply in the US is usually considered as four escalating categories M0, M1, M2 and M3. The categories grow in size with M3 representing all forms of money (including credit) and M0 being just base money (coins, bills, and central bank deposits). M0 is also money that can satisfy private banks' reserve requirements..

2.When gold is used as money, the money supply can grow in either of two ways. First, the money supply can increase as the amount of gold increases by new gold mining at about 2% per year, but it can also increase more during periods of gold rushes and discoveries. This kind of increase helps debtors, and causes inflation, as the value of gold goes down. Second, the money supply can increase when the value of gold goes up. This kind of increase in the value of gold helps savers and creditors and is called deflation, where items for sale are less expensive in terms of gold.

3. Monetary policy is the process by which a government, central bank, or monetary authority manages the money supply to achieve specific goals. Usually the goal of monetary policy is to accommodate economic growth in an environment of stable prices.

4.A failed monetary policy can have significant detrimental effects on an economy and the society that depends on it. These include hyperinflation, stagflation, recession, high unemployment, shortages of imported goods, inability to export goods, and even total monetary collapse and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy.

5.Governments and central banks have taken both regulatory and free market approaches to monetary policy. Some of the tools used to control the money supply include:

· changing the rate at which the government loans or borrows money

· currency purchases or sales

· increasing or lowering government borrowing

· increasing or lowering government spending

· manipulation of exchange rates

· raising or lowering bank reserve requirements

· regulation or prohibition of private currencies

· taxation or tax breaks on imports or exports of capital into a country

VII. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, якa містіть правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What is the base money?

a)…M0.

b)…M1.

c)…M3.

2. What policy can have significant detrimental effect on an economy?

a)…metal policy.

b)…monetary policy.

c)…industrial policy.

3. What have regulatory and free market approaches to monetary policy?

a)…regional bank.

b)…local bank.

c)…central bank.

Варіант 5