III. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень (див. зразок виконання 3).

1. If we suggested that all the effects were infavourable, we would simplify the impact of inflation on business.

2. If the level of investment declines then there will be less injections than previously into economy.

3. If unemployment had got too high, he would have proposed cutting taxes and/or increasing government expenditures.

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 2, 3 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 1 абзац тексту.

Пояснення до тексту

the UK government does provide financial assistance – уряд Великої Британії забезпечує фінансову допомогу („does” використовується для посилення значення дії)

the cost of removal (removal cost) – витрати на переїзд

Employment Exchange – біржа праці

to make great use of – широко використовувати

as a means of recruiting labour – спосіб вербування робочої сили

occupational mobility – професійна мобільність

Retraining centres – центри перепідготовки

Policies to assist mobility

    1. The barriers to geographical mobility are quite formidable, and while the UK government does provide financial assistance towards the cost of removal for unemployed workers, it has tended to deal with the problem of regional unemployment by “moving work to the workers”. Many employers anxious to attract workers from other areas offer assistance with removal costs and sometimes provide accommodation.

    2. One problem may be lack of knowledge; employers may not be fully-informed of the potential labour supply and workers may be ignorant of certain job opportunities. The UK government has recently embarked upon a major programme to extend and improve its information services in this area. The older and rather forbidding Employment Exchanges are being replaced by modern and attractive Job Centres which, it is hoped, will encourage both employers and job-seekers to use the facilities provided by the state. There are, of course, a number of privately operated employment agencies, and employers also make great use of the local press as a means of recruiting labour.

    3. A most important feature of official policy on the occupational mobility of labour is the provision of Retraining Centres (currently known as Skill Centres) where workers can learn skills.

V. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, яка містить правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What does the UK government provide for unemployed workers?

a) ... technical assistance;

b) ... humanitarian assistance;

c) ... financial assistance.

2. What do employers offer to attract workers from other areas?

a) ... removal costs and sometimes accommodation;

b) ... removal costs;

c) ... work and dwelling.

3. What is a most important feature of official policy on the occupational mobility of labour?

a) ... the provision of retraining centres;

b) ... giving credit to employees;

c) ... conducting social investigations among unemployed.

Варіант 5

I. Перепишіть. Письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням. (див. зразок виконання 1.)

1. In these circumstances interest rates are likely to be high.

2. They consider the inflation to be too great a problem, especially if competitor nations are suffering similar rates.

3. The Federal Reserve Bank to be one of the sources of money can add or subtract money from the economy as it sees fit.

4. A number of factories are thought to determine the level of savings at any time.

5. We want these decisions to be taken in response to periods of economic uncertainty.

6. We expect them to introduce changes as soon as possible.

II. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів (див. зразок виконання 2).

1. These organizations playing a prominent part in shaping the business environment, firms can exist and operate.

2. These goods produced by firms will make more profits.

3. A steady rise in money profits induces investment, this action expanding the economy as a whole.

4. Having overproduced these obsolete and unattractive goods firms made more profits.

5. The influences surrounding real-life situations are so many and so varied that we cannot take them all into account.

6. Deciding where to produce, the firm will generally be faced with a rather difficult problem.

III. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень (див. зразок виконання 3).

1. If we got food, clothes and shelter without working we probably would hot work.

2. If prices had risen for a particular commodity, the rise would have encouraged producers to make more.

3. If the market for our products expands, we shall have a 20 percent increase in turnover next year.

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 2, 3 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 1 абзац тексту.

Пояснення до тексту

limitless human wants – необмежені людські потреби

scarcity – дефіцит

man-made resources – ресурси, створені людиною.

The Nature of Basic Economic Problems

    1. The problems of economics arise out of the fact that there are limited resources which have to satisfy almost limitless human wants. The existing supply of resources is inadequate to satisfy the desire of individuals for food, consumer durable goods, housing, entertainment etc. This fact leads to one of the basic problems of economics, the problem of scarcity. Now what do we mean by “scarcity”? There are not enough resources to produce sufficient quantities of commodities to satisfy human wants. Therefore certain economic decisions must be made, including the decisions as to (a) what will be produced; (b) what quantity of each commodity will be produced, and (c) whose wants will be satisfied.

    2. Resources consist of natural resources, which include land, minerals, forests and fuels; human resources, which may be classified as mental and physical, and man-made resources which include those goods which make further production possible. These man-made resources consist of plant, tools, machinery, equipment, and all other resources which are not consumed, but used to manufacture other goods.

    3. Another classification of the resources of a society describes them as factors of production. The natural resources we referred to are called LAND in economics. The human resources are known as LABOUR, and the man-made resources are known as CAPITAL. Combining the factors of production to manufacture goods and services is called production. Buying and using these goods and services is called consumption.

V. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, яка містить правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What do the problems of economics arise out?

a) ... world trade;

b) ... introduction of innovations;

c) ... limited resources which have to satisfy human wants.

2. What is the basic problem of economics?

a) ... distribution efficiency;

b) ... scarcity;

c) ... capital accumulation.

3. What do natural resources consist of?

a) ... land, minerals, fuels;

b) ... plant, tools, machinery;

c) ... capital, labour reserves.