III. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень (див. зразок виконання 3).

1. Our lives might be more enjoyable if we had such things as radio, books and toys.

2. If they had given us a good discount we should have signed the contracts.

3. Unless we do not accept our terms we shall not sign the contract.

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 1, 3 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 2 абзац тексту.

Пояснення до тексту

to exercise power – здійснювати владу

the better off members – більш заможні члени

to run - керувати

to draw up the plan – скласти план

Ownership and Control of Economic Resources

    1. Although economic planning may be employed in societies where property is privately owned, it seems realistic to assume that a fully planned economy means one in which all the important means of production are publicly owned. In socialist societies all land, housing, factories, power stations, transport systems and so on are usually owned by the state.

    2. The logic of public ownership in these societies is based upon the desire for a more equitable distribution of income and wealth. Private ownership of property leads to great inequalities of wealth, and this, in turn means that the wealthier groups are able to exercise great economic power. Such a situation implies great inequalities of opportunity. The better off members of society are able to use their greater wealth to obtain superior education, better health services, more effective training, and better business opportunities.

    3. Although land and capital may be owned collectively rather than individually, it does not follow that control of these resources must be centralized. In some planned economies the state keeps a tight control on the use of economic resources and all important economic decisions are taken by powerful central committees. This is described as bureaucratic organization, because the running of such an economy will require large numbers of planners and administrators to draw up and operate the national plan.

V. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, яка містить правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What does a planned economy mean?

a) ... one in which all the important means of production are publicly owned;

b) ... one in which there is private ownership for resources;

c) ... one in which the system of markets and prices for coordination of economic activity is used.

2. What does private ownership of property lead to?

a) ... means of production distributed among branches by central planned organ;

b) ... great inequalities of wealth;

c) ... public ownership for resources.

3. What (or whom) is economy controlled by?

a) ... the state;

b) ... individual citizens;

c) ... planning body.

Варіант 3

I. Перепишіть. Письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням. (див. зразок виконання 1.)

1. The manager considers the results to be unsatisfactory.

2. A profit orientation is known to be a goal of all business firms.

3. The equipment to be installed will need more maintaining.

4. We want marketing managers to discuss different pricing strategies.

5. In this circumstances interest rates are likely to be high.

6. The state provides most of the services to be required by the citizens.

II. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів (див. зразок виконання 2).

1. Most industries make use of a variety of machines, each machine carrying out a different operation.

2. The person forming a company must submit several documents to the Registrar of Companies.

3. Having considered the matter we arrived at a definite decision.

4. This decision taken by many firms can lead to a recession.

5. Reading about corporations you may find some confusing terms.

6. The loans were granted by the commercial banks, the central bank strictly monitoring the situation.

III. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень (див. зразок виконання 3).

1. If the plant introduced a new equipment, its output would increase.

2. If you had been interested in this problem we should have sent you all the necessary information.

3. If he arrives two days before the opening of the conference he will have enough time to go sight-seeing.

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 2, 3 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 1 абзац тексту.

Пояснення до тексту

to hold the view – дотримуватися думки

Mixed Economies

    1. We have seen that there is some use of the market mechanism in planned economies. Likewise there is some measure of state control in free market economies. Here the term mixed economy is used; it describes most of the economies in the noncommunist world. These countries are basically market economies, but all contain elements of state enterprise and governments in all of them intervene to modify the operation of market forces. They are mixtures of command and market economies.

    2. In these mixed economies private property is an important institution. Supporters of the mixed system hold the view that private property provides an important incentive for people to work, save and invest. They oppose the abolition of private property and argue that it is possible to present great inequalities of wealth from arising by the appropriate government measures (e.g. heavy taxation of income and wealth).

    3. The mixed economy has come into being as a result of increasing government intervention and control in capitalist countries. This development has been particularly extensive during the 20^th century. There are many reasons for this increasing ability of governments.

V. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, яка містить правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What does mixed economy mean?

a) ... countries with market economies;

b) ... countries with command economies;

c) ... countries with command and market economies.

2. What are the views of supporters of mixed economy?

a) ... private property provides an important incentive for people to work, save and invest;

b) ... it is easy to plan ahead in a mixed economy;

c) ... they insist on the limit of private property.

3. When was the development of mixed economy particularly extensive?

a) ... in the late of the 19^th century;

b) ... during the 20^th century;

c) ... at the turn of the 20^th century.

Варіант 4

I. Перепишіть. Письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням. (див. зразок виконання 1.)

1. We want marketing managers to discuss different pricing strategies.

2. The goals of an organization are likely to depend on the firm’s survival and long-term growth.

3. The share of national income to be spent on national defense varies from country to country.

4. Some people believe profits to be the only or the major goal toward which business should work.

5. The company is known to be losing a lot of money.

6. Governments sometimes regulate maximum rent levels to be paid by tenants.

II. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів (див. зразок виконання 2).

1. The price for goods falling, the consumer will buy cheaper goods instead of more expensive goods.

2. Having saved enough money he started a business and kept it going.

3. The agreement must mention the amount of money involved, the share of profits each person receives.

4. Many people are eager to start a small business, they having only a vague notion of what they want to do.

5. Considering planning as a function of management it is important to remember that planning involves the elaboration of social problems.

6. A country wishing to limit its population may discourage immigration and encourage emigration.