IV. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the -ing forms.

1. Dental calculus can be removed only by means of professional hygienic tooth cleaning performed by a doctor.

2. While being brushed healthy teeth don’t bleed.

3. Sometimes a gum lowers leaving dental roots naked.

4. The changes in the periodontal ligament around the apical foramina cause an increased pressure producing sensitivity to percussion, occasional elevation of the tooth in its socket creating trauma and pain on chewing.

5. Being perforated by three or four small holes the posterior surface transmits nerves and blood vessels to the molar teeth.

6. Having acquired the knowledge of the structure and functions of the human body medical students can learn how to recognize diseases.

7. Hormones are synthesized by the cells of endocrine organs and act on target cells distant from their site of synthesis being usually carried by blood.

8. A normal child will eventually have twenty baby teeth, each jaw holding ten teeth.

9. The surgeon noticed the amount of pus in the mucopurulent discharge from the wound have been decreasing.

10. The tooth having been removed, the patient had no recurrence of the acute pain.

11. By comparing this X-ray with the previous ones, the progress of healing can be observed.

V. Translate the following sentences using the -ing forms.

1. Профессиональная чистка удаляет налеты на зубах.

2. Зубной кариес может действовать на эмаль, поражая как эмаль, так и дентин.

3. Бляшка - это клейкая пленка, которая содержит миллионы бактерий.

4. Являясь центральной частью верхней челюсти, это тело имеет четыре поверхности.

5. Во время прохождения практики студенты работают ассистентами врачей.

6. Случай, который обсуждается здесь, очень важен для ранней диагностики стоматологических заболеваний.

7. После того, как пациента выписали из больницы после операции ротовой полости, ему пришлось регулярно посещать местную стоматологическую поликлинику.

VI. Read and translate the text.

Text A. Age Changes of the Teeth

    Teeth after having erupted and after taking their position in the dental arch do not remain in the status quo, on the contrary, changes occur throughout life in which all dental and periodontal tissues are affected. These changes are produced by the process of aging and by physiologic use. The physiologic use may be less than normal when atrophic changes occur, or it may be increased producing abnormal wear and traumatic injuries. This demonstrates that certain changes are produced by the physiologic use of the teeth which are to be looked at as a transition from the normal to the pathologic state. These alterations do not generally interfere with function but often they are exaggerated or are attended by complications.

    That teeth undergo marked changes in a lifetime is a well-known fact. The process of eruption does not come to an end nor does the formation of dentine and cementum cease because the cells producing these tissues may become activated by certain stimulating influences. Even when they atrophied, some of the precursors may still be able by metaplasia to produce dental structures although of decidedly modified histologic make-up. The arrangement of the dental and periodontal tissues in young and old teeth can be illustrated very easily.

    The enamel of the tooth shows no evidence of a changed histologic structure with increased age of the patient though there is in some evidence that it becomes more highly calcified especially on the surface. The dentine shows changes which are brought about by maturation of the teeth. It becomes sclerosed. This sclerosed dentine is the result of hypercalcification of the matrix and deposits in the lumen of the dentinal canals. With increasing age the pulp shows the tendency to atrophy and undergo a process of fibrosis. This is due partly to a decrease of the blood supply associated with a narrowing of the apical foramina. various calcifications such as denticles and pulp nodules may form or interstitial deposits of irregular masses may be seen. Cementum like dentine may form continuously, new layers may be apposed with cementoblasts becoming enclaved in lacunae. it is by these lacunae containing cement corpuscles from which tortuous canaliculi extend that we distinguish secondary from primary cementum. The periodontal membrane changes in size with age.

VII. Answer the questions.

1. Do the teeth remain unchanged throughout life?

2. What are these changes produced by?

3. What does physiologic use produce if it is increased?

4. How is physiologic use of the teeth to be looked at?

5. What is the process of the formation of dentine and cementum characterized by?

6. Does enamel change its histologic structure?

7. What are changes of the dentin brought about?

8. What does the pulp show with the increasing age?

9. What about cementum?

10. What changes does the periodontal membrane undergo with age?

VIII. Complete the following sentences.

1. Changes occur in teeth …

2. These changes are produced by …

3. Increased physiologic use produces …

4. Physiologic use of the teeth is to be looked at as …

5. Enamel of the tooth becomes more highly calcified especially …

6. Changes of the dentine are brought about by …

7. Sclerosed dentine is the result of …

8. With increasing age pulp shows …

9. Cementum may …

10. The periodontal membrane changes …

IX. Make up questions to the underlined words.

1. The teeth undergo marked changes in a lifetime.

2. The enamel of the tooth shows no evidence of a changed histologic structure.

3. Changes in the dentine are brought about by maturation of the teeth.

4. The sclerosed dentine is the result of hypercalcification of the matrix.

5. With increasing age the pulp shows the tendency to atrophy.

6. This is due to a decrease of the blood supply.

7. The periodontal membrane changes in size with age.

X. Translate the following combinations of words.

прорезавшиеся зубы, зубная дуга, изменения происходят в течение жизни, процесс старения, стираемость, переход в патологическое состояние, преувеличиваться и сопровождаться осложнениями, стимулирующее влияние, расположение зубных и периодонтальных тканей, признак изменения, созревание зуба, отложения в просвете зубного канала, подвергаться процессам, кровоснабжение, сужение апикального отверстия, изменения размера

XI. Translate the following sentences.

1. Изменения в зубах после прорезывания происходят в течение всей жизни.

2. Эти изменения вызваны процессом старения и стираемости.

3. Эти изменения нужно рассматривать как переход из нормального состояния в патологическое.

4. Изменения могут сопровождаться осложнениями.

5. Эмаль зуба становится более кальцифицированной, особенно на поверхности.

6. Изменения дентина вызваны созреванием зуба.

7. Изменения пульпы обусловлены снижением кровоснабжения, связанного с сужением апикального отверстия.