VI. Read and translate the text.

Text A. Orthodontia

    Orthodontia is the science which has for its object the correction of malocclusion of the teeth.

    The study of orthodontia is indissolubly connected with that of art as related to the human face. The mouth is the most potent factor in making or marring the beauty and character of the face, and the form and beauty of the mouth largely depend on the occlusal relations of the teeth. The best balance, the best harmony, the best proportions of the mouth in its relations to the other features require that there should be the full complement of teeth and that each tooth should be made to occupy its normal position – normal occlusion.

    Occlusion is the basis of the science of orthodontia. The shapes of the cusps, crowns, and the roots, and even the very structural material of the teeth and their attachment are all designed for the purpose of making occlusion the one grand object in order that they may serve the chief purpose for which they were intended, namely, the cutting and grinding of food. Occlusion is the normal relations of the occlusal inclined planes of the teeth when the jaws are closed.

    Malocclusion of the teeth is but the perversion of their normal relations. It can be studied intelligently only from the basis of the normal and to begin its study without first being familiar there with would be as unfruitful as the study of the pathology of any other of the structures of the body without first mastering their anatomy and pathology.

    The normal human denture in its completeness includes not only the jaws, alveolar process, dental arches, and especially the teeth and periodontal membrane which are of prime importance since on them chiefly the operations are performed but also the muscles of lips, cheeks, tongue and mouth, the nasal passages, palate, and throat as these assist the teeth in performing their functions. They are also powerful factors in establishing and maintaining either harmony or inharmony in the development and arrangement of the teeth, and this just in proportion as they are singly or collectively, normal or abnormal in their own development and functions.

VII. Give English equivalents to the following terms:

anatomy, malocclusion, physiology, pathology, orthodontia, denture, harmony

VIII. Answer the following questions.

1. What is orthodontia?

2. What is the most potent factor in making the beauty and character of the face?

3. What does the best harmony and the best proportions of the mouth require?

4. What is the chief purpose of the teeth?

5. What is occlusion?

6. What does the normal human denture in its completeness include?

7. What is the way of studying malocclusion?

IX. Translate the following word combinations:

исправление неправильного прикуса, полный набор зубов, занимать нормальное положение, форма коронки, прикрепление зубов, основная цель, разрезание и перемалывание пищи, отклонение от правильного положения, выполнять функции, мощный фактор, устанавливать и поддерживать гармонию

X. Translate the following sentences.

1. Предметом изучения ортодонтии является исправление неправильного прикуса.

2. Правильный прикус – это полный набор зубов и каждый зуб занимает правильное положение.

3. Самым важным фактором в создании красоты и характера лица является рот.

4. Красота и гармония лица требует полного набора зубов и их правильного положения.

5. Форма выступов, коронок и корней, сам структурный материал и прикрепление зубов предназначены для разрезания и перемалывания пищи.

6. Нормальный зубной ряд человека, кроме челюстей, альвеолярных отростков, зубных дуг и зубов, включает мышцы губ, щек, язык, небо, носовые проходы и даже горло.

XI. Read the text for yourselves and give a short summary of it.

Text B. Orthodontics

    Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry concerned with correction of irregularities of the teeth. When the permanent teeth erupt parents may notice that the front teeth are crooked or protruding. This condition is known as a malocclusion and treatment is thought to improve the child’s appearance.

    The aims of orthodontic treatment are to reposition the teeth so that appearance is improved and a good functional occlusion obtained. By correcting badly positioned teeth it may also eliminate some stagnation areas and help prevent caries and periodontal disease developing.

    The basic types of malocclusion are crowding, protruding upper incisors and a prominent lower jaw.

    Many children attend the orthodontic treatment because their upper front teeth protrude between their lips. This condition usually arises from inheriting a jaw relationship in which the upper teeth are too far forward relative to the lowers. It is commonly associated with an open lip posture.

Lesson 22

Грамматика: самостоятельный причастный оборот

Sources of Oral Sepsis

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

oral sepsis [‘sepsis]

dentinal matrix [‘dentinql ‘meitriks]

localized or general [‘loukqlQizd L ‘Generql]

gangrenous products [‘gqengrinqs]

alkaloidal substance [,qelkq’loidql]

decomposition [,dJkOmpq’ziSqn]

toxemia [tOk’sJmiq]

rational method [‘reiSqnql]

stomatitis [,stOmq’tQitis]

glossitis [glO’sQitis]

gingivitis [,Gingi’vQitis]

II. Learn the following words:

to dissolve [di’zOlv] - растворять

no doubt [‘dQut] - без сомнения

suppuration [,sApjuq’reiSqn] - нагноение

pyogenic [,pQiq’Genik] - гноеродный

carbon dioxide [‘kRbqn dQi’OksQid] - углекислый газ

hydrogen [‘hQidriGqn] - водород

to swallow [‘swOlou] - глотать

to expose [iks’pouz] - обнажать, подвергать

to decompose [,dJkqm’pouz] - разлагать, растворять

foramen [fO’reimqn] - отверстие, канал

to eliminate [i’limineit] - устранять, уничтожать

commencement [kq’mensmqnt] - начало

lesion [lJZn] - повреждение, поражение

to regard [ri’gRd] - рассматривать

III. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Constructions.

1. The dentine becoming involved in the morbid process, there can be no doubt that suppuration is present.

2. The proteins being metabolized by pyogenic orgznisms, poisonous end-products appear.

3. The pulp being exposed, gangrenous products are swallowed by the patient.

4. The periodontal tissues becoming infected, alveolar abscesses develop.

5. Pus being present, suppuration is sooner or later established.

6. Calcium will be needed throughout the whole life since it is essential to the body for many reasons, one being the development and maintenance of the bones.

7. Chronic alveolar abscess is a persistent source of oral sepsis, the septic products in this case being partly absorbed by the lymphatics and partly swallowed.

8. Teeth may be traumatized, the trauma being so severe that teeth become luxated, fractured or even comminuted.

9. The results of trauma hard, the patient was admitted to the hospital

10. The crown of the superior right cuspid fractured, the root was removed.

11. Oral ulceration present, the chief complaint was oral discomfort.