IX. Read and translate the text.

Text A. Oral Diseases of the Elderly

    Dentistry for the elderly must be practiced with due consideration of the biological factors since the adaptive mechanism and tissue regenerative potentials of an elderly patient are usually significantly lowered. The elderly are not merely older ordinary patients but they require a different approach, modified treatment and aknowledge of how the tissue changes associated with aging affect oral health services. Many of the tissue changes once regarded as natural changes associated with aging are actually due to specific diseases processes. The dentist cannot alter the effects of old age but may assist the patient to adapt to the changed physiological state.

    The jaws, the tooth supporting structures, the oral mucosa, the tongue, the salivary glands and even the teeth are affected by aging. The reaction to stress and the process of healing change markedly in the elderly patients. The soft oral tissues lose their tolerance to irritants, their adaptive capacity and more important their repair potentialities. The mucosa is less elastic and becomes more easily injured. Changes in the supporting tissues and the oral mucosa at this age require a modified treatment.

    The clinician must evaluate the patient’s complaints. It is important to distinguish between complaints on an organic basis, those related to reduced tissue function and those associated with social maladjustment loneliness and fear in the geriatric patient. The clinician’s task is indeed difficult since all three components may be present in varying degrees.

    The average aged patient has one or more chronic diseases and it is especially important to follow his health year by year. The history and the examination should include a consideration of the past and present systemic diseases, past dental experiences and the exact nature of all to be considered in treatment planning. Special attention should be paid to the examination of the lymph nodes, the floor of the mouth, the tongue and the oropharynx.

     The oral condition of an average geriatric patient usually leaves much to be desired. This age group shows a huge need for dental health services.

X. Answer the questions.

1. How must the elderly patients be treated?

2. Are the tissue regenerative potentials of the elderly usually lowered?

3. Are tissue changes due to specific disease processes?

4. What must a dentist follow in order to treat older ordinary patients?

5. What kind of help can a dentist give to a patient?

6. What must clinicians evaluate?

7. What is important for dentists to distinguish between complaints on an organic basis?

8. The clinician’s task is difficult, isn’t it?

9. It is especially important to follow elderly patients’ health, isn’t it?

10. What factors must be considered in treatment planning?

11. What should special attention be paid to in treatment planning?

XI. Fill in the gaps with the model verbs (can, may, must, should).

1. Dentists … not alter the effects of old age.

2. Doctors … assist the patients.

3. Dentistry … be practiced with due consideration.

4. Doctors … evaluate the patient’s complaints.

5. History and examination … include a consideration of the past and present systemic disease.

XII. Match the corresponding parts into sentences.

XIII. Translate the following word combinations:

мягкие ткани ротовой полости, обычные пациенты, пожилые люди, процессы заживления, жалобы больного, механизм адаптации. следить за здоровьем, реакция на стресс, рассматривать с должным вниманием, процесс старения, состояние полости рта, обследование основания рта, пожилые пациенты, одиночество и страх

XIV. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. Case History

        The patient, 54 years of age, complained of pain, fever, and general malaise. The teeth were sore to touch: bleeding was easily induced. Dental examination disclosed several periodontal abscesses: palatal of the maxillary left central and lateral incisors and cuspid, and the buccal aspect of the mandibular right second premolar. The remaining gingivae were inflamed, discolored, retracted and bled easily. Heavy calculus deposits were noted. Radiographically there was marked loss of the marginal alveolus throughout. Because of the existence of multiple periodontal abscesses a detailed systemic history was taken. The patient described symptoms of excessive thirst, polyuria and loss of weight. The patient was requested to have a physical examination. A diagnosis of diabetes was made. One month after institution of a proper diet and insulin the patient returned for periodontal therapy. The gingival changes could be observed. Therapy had consisted of hot water rinses and brushing. periodontal therapy was instituted with success.

Lesson 25

Грамматика: самостоятельный причастный оборот, неполные придаточные предложения (повторение), способы отрицания

Habits

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

category [‘kqetigqri]

obstruction [qb’strAkSqn]

oral physiology [‘Lrql]

anterior region [qen’tiqriq ‘rJGqn]

nasal [‘neizql]

capillary vasoconstriction [,vqesqkqn’strikSqn]

gingival [Gin’GQivql]

structural resistance [ri’zistqns]

hypotrophy [,hQipou’troufi]

condition [kqn’disqn]

allergy [‘qelqGi]

deformity [di’fLmiti]

spontaneous [spOn’teinjqs]

II. Learn the following words:

to breathe [brJD] - дышать

pure [‘pjuq] - чистый

habit [‘hqebit] - привычка

habitual [hq’bitjuql] - привычный

out of habits - по привычке

instead of [in’sted] - вместо (того, чтобы)

passage [‘pqesiG] - проход

lip - губа

to maintain [mein’tein] - поддерживать

closure [‘klouZq] - закрытие, смыкание

turbinate [tWbineit] - носовая раковина

deviated [‘dJvieitid] - искривленный

common [‘kOmqn] - частый, распространенный, обычный

susceptibility [sq,septi’biliti] - чувствительность

desiccated [‘desikeitid] - обезвоженный

malocclusion [mqelq’klHZqn] - неправильный прикус

relationship [ri’leiSqnship] - отношение, связь

opinion [q’pinjqn] - мнение

thumb-sucking [TAm’sAkiN] - сосание большого пальца

ill-effect [I’fekt] - вредное влияние

III. Read the words, define the parts of speech and translate them:

habitual, respiration, breather, nasal, passage, purely, closure, resistance, deviated, enlargement, enlarged, particularly, susceptibility, relationship, definitely, considerable, careful, displacement, deformity, spontaneous, effective, possible, equally, important

IV. Translate the following word combinations:

mouth breathing, obstruction of the nasal passages, to maintain closure of the lip, hypertrophy of the turbinates, deviated nasal septum, common condition, to disturb the usual oral physiology, gingival enlargement, anterior region, to increase the susceptibility, desiccated tissues, considerable opinion, the effect of thumb-sucking, slight displacement, to break the habit