IV. Read and translate the text.

Text A. Sources of Oral Sepsis

Dental Caries as a Source of Oral Sepsis. During the first stage of dental caries when the enamel only is being dissolved by means of lactic acid, it can scarcely be said that sepsis in the ordinary sense of the word is present but as soon as the dentine becomes involved in the morbid process there can be no doubt that sepsis is present, but suppuration.

    The proteins of the fibrils and dentinal matrix are being metabolized largely by pyogenic organisms giving rise to poisonous end-products – gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen, indol, and scatol, and liquid toxins, albumoses, etc., all of which must be swallowed by the patient. Before the pulp is actually exposed it is frequently infected by organisms passing down the dentinal tubules and suppuration, either localized or general, occurs in the pulp without there being any external evidence of its presence: the products of this suppuration must, of course, be wholly absorbed by the lymph and blood stream. A stage further and the pulp is exposed and sooner or later becomes gangrenous – septic in the highest sense of the word – and again all the gangrenous products are swallowed by the patient.

    Proteins are decomposed by mouth organisms firstly into alkaloidal substance and secondly in the presence of air into simpler decomposition products.

    In the absence of free oxygen, however, such as in infected pulps without exposure the process does not proceed further than the alkaloidal stage. These, for the most part poisonous, alkaloids are then absorbed and produce a condition of toxemia.

    In the final stage the periodontal tissues become infected through the apical foramen, suppuration occurs and an alveolar abscess develops which, if not treated, becomes chronic and is a persistent source of oral sepsis, the septic products in this case being partly absorbed by the lymphatics and partly swallowed. It is therefore quite clear that the most rational method of eliminating these various sources of sepsis and septic absorption is to tale means to prevent the commencement of the carious process at the enamel surface.

    Other Sources of Oral Sepsis. Any chronic inflammatory lesion within the mouth is to be regarded as a source of oral sepsis; in many of these conditions pus is present from the commencement and in many others suppuration is sooner or later established.

    Such conditions are the various forms of stomatitis, glossitis, and gingivitis; but the most common of all is that known as “pyorrhea alveolaris”.

V. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the sources of oral sepsis?

2. In what stage does dental caries become a source of oral sepsis?

3. What are the poisonous end-products?

4. What are proteins decomposed by?

5. How does the process of infection occur?

6. In which case does alveolar abscess become chronic?

7. What chronic inflammatory lesions may be found?

VI. Give the English equivalents to the following Greek and Latin terms:

sepsis, toxemia, stomatitis, glossitis, gingivitis

VII. Translate the following word combinations:

зубной кариес, растворяться за счет молочной кислоты, в обычном смысле слова, вовлекать в патологический (болезненный) процесс, без сомнения, гноеродные организмы, ядовитые конечные продукты, углекислый газ, местное или общее нагноение, внешний признак, при отсутствии свободного кислорода, вызвать состояние, апикальное отверстие, частично всасываться, предотвратить начало, повреждения воспалительного характера

VIII. Translate the following sentences.

1. На первой стадии зубного кариеса эмаль растворяется за счет молочной кислоты.

2. Протеины, метаболизированные гноеродными организмами, вызывают рост ядовитых конечных продуктов.

3. В пульпе может появиться нагноение без видимого признака его присутствия.

4. Если пульпа обнажается, то рано или поздно она становится гангренозной.

5. Продукты нагноения полностью абсорбируются лимфой и кровотоком.

6. Если не лечить альвеолярный абсцесс, он может стать хроническим.

7. Хронический абсцесс является постоянным источником сепсиса ротовой полости.

8. Чтобы избежать сепсиса, нужно предотвратить начало кариозного процесса на поверхности эмали.

IX. Look through the text and translate it without a dictionary.

Text B. Acute Alveolar Abscess

    This is an extremely painful condition. The affected tooth becomes loose and very tender to the slightest pressure. There is a continual throbbing pain and the surrounding gum is red and swollen. Frequently the whole side of the face is involved in inflammatory swelling and the patient may have a raised temperature. The tooth is so tender that it cannot be used for eating. Thus acute alveolar abscess may show all the classical features of acute inflammation: pain, swelling, redness, heat, loss of function and raised body temperature.

    Pulp death is sometimes followed y development of a chronic alveolar abscess instead. This gives rise to very little pain and most patients are quite unaware of its presence. The relative freedom from pain does not last indefinitely, however, as a chronic alveolar abscess is always liable to turn into an acute abscess at any time.

    It should now be clear that pulpitis is followed by pulp death and this leads eventually to an acute alveolar abscess either directly or via a chronic abscess.

Lesson 23

Грамматика: функции -ing форм

Age Changes of the Teeth

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

status quo [‘steitqs kwou]

contrary [‘kOntrqri]

produce the process [prq’djHs, ‘prousqs]

transition [trqn’siZqn]

atrophied [‘qetrqfid]

precursor [pri’kWsq]

metaplasia [,metq’pleizjq]

modified [‘mOdifQid]

sclerosis [skliq’rousis]

hypercalcification [,hQipq,kqelsifi’keiSqn]

tendency [‘tendqnsi]

apical [‘qepikql]

cementoblast [si’mentqblqest]

lacuna [lq’kjHnq]

II. Learn the following words:

status quo - установленное состояние

on the contrary - наоборот

transition - перемещение

alteration [,Lltq’reiSqn] - изменение, деформация

to interfere [intq’fiq] - вмешиваться

to exaggerate [ig’zqeGqreit] - преувеличивать

to attend [q’tend] сопровождать

to undergo (underwent, undergone) - переносить, претерпевать

to cease [sJs] - прекращать, приостанавливать

precursor [prJ’kWsq] - предвестник

make-up - структура

arrangement [q’reinGmqnt]  - расположение, классификация

evidence [‘evidqns] - признак

maturation [,mqetjuq’reiSqn] - созревание

lumen [‘lHmqn] - просвет, полость

nodule [‘nO’djHl] - узелок

layer [‘leiq] - слой

to appose [qe’pouz] - присоединять

enclaved [‘enkleivd] - окруженный

lacuna (pl. lacunae) - впадина, углубление, пустота

tortuous [‘tLtjuqs] - скрученный, извилистый

extent [iks’tent] - степень

to distinguish [dis’tiNgwiS] - различать

physiological use - стираемость

III. Read the words, define their parts of speech and translate them:

affected, atrophic, demonstrate, transition, generally, exaggerated, complication, producing, precursor, stimulating, modified, easily, evidence, increased, especially, maturation, tendency, partly, various, interstitial, irregular, continuously, tortuous