IX. Answer the following questions.

1. What bones of the skeleton are subjected to infection more often then the others?

2. What are the main causes of infection of the jaws?

3. What can help in visualizing the progress of the disease?

4. Where is periostitis seen more frequently?

5. What may periostitis be divided into according to the etiology?

6. When does periostitis occur?

7. What patients does periostitis generally occur in?

8. What is primary periostitis the result of?

9. What may contribute to the inflammation?

10. What is the general treatment in osteomyelitis?

X. Translate the following word combinations:

подвергаться инфекции, обычные причины, повреждение в результате травмы, необычный механизм, распространенная инфекция, рентгеновский снимок, первичное или вторичное поражение, гнойный периостит, пониженная сопротивляемость, вследствие усталости, инородное тело, у грудных детей и младенцев, быть полезным, как можно быстрее, снимать боль

XI. Translate the following sentences.

1. Наиболее частыми причинами инфекции челюсти являются травмы и перенос бактерий кровью.

2. Рентгеновский снимок помогает увидеть развитие болезни.

3. Периостит можно разделить на несколько групп, согласно его этиологии.

4. Травма может вызвать нагноение, которое связано с инфекцией.

5. Периостит может развиться как следствие острого альвеолярного абсцесса.

6. Злокачественный периостит обычно встречается у людей с пониженной сопротивляемостью.

7. Вторичная форма острого периостита может развиться в том случае, если первоначальная причина полностью не устранена.

8. Остеомиелит может быть локальным или поражать всю кость.

9. У взрослых наблюдается гнойный остеомиелит.

10. При остром остеомиелите необходимо как можно быстрее установить дренаж.

XII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. Syndrome of Acute Osteomyelitis

 of the Superior Maxilla in Early Infancy

    A newborn infant, usually two or three weeks of age, becomes prostrated and feverish and swelling of one side of the face more than the other develops with marked swelling and redness of the orbital region – so much that the lids can hardly be opened. There is chemosis of the conjunctiva and when the orbital contents are involved, fixation and proptosis of the globe occur. A purulent nasal discharge, most marked on the involved side, is also present. As the condition progresses, pus may appear in the nose and fistulas may form at the alveolar process of the maxilla at the canine fossa or near the inner canthus of the eye on the involved side. Tooth buds may be extruded with drainage from the alveolar process. In addition to the fever and prostration, vomiting and diarrhea usually appear. In practically all cases in which cultures have been taken, pathogenic Staphylococcus pyogenes variant aureus has been recovered.

    To minimize and prevent damage, early clinical and bacteriologic diagnosis of surgical intervention when indicated and treatment with the proper antibiotic as well as supportive therapy are essential. Because the infection in this syndrome has a tendency to smolder it is essential to continue with the antibiotics of choice until it is entirely eradicated.

Lesson 21

Грамматика: функции инфинитива

Orthodontia

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

orthodontia [,LTq’dOnSq]

correction of malocclusion [,mqelO’klHZqn]

potent factor [‘poutqnt]

balance and harmony [‘bqelqns qnd ‘hRmqni]

intelligently [in’teliGqntli]

pathology of structures [pq’TOlqGi]

periodontal membrane [‘membrein]

II. Learn the following words:

indissolubly [,indi’sOljubli] - неразрывно, прочно

potent [‘poutqnt] - мощный

to require [ri’kwQiq] - требовать

complement [‘kOmplimqnt] - комплект, набор

attachment [q’tqeCmqnt] - прикрепление

purpose [‘pWpqs] - цель

to serve [sWv] - служить

chief [CJf] - главный, основной

to intend [in’tend] - намереваться, предназначать

to incline [in’klQin] - наклонять

plane - плоскость, проекция

perversion [pq’vWSqn] - отклонение (от нормы)

intelligently [in’teliGqntli] - разумно

familiar [fq’miliq] - знакомый, близкий

fruitful [‘frHtfql] - плодотворный

powerful [‘pQuqfql] - сильный, мощный

to maintain [mein’tein] - поддерживать

III. Read and translate the words with the same root:

potent – potency, require – requirement, attach – attachment, serve – service, beauty – beautiful, large – largely, depend – dependence, chief – chiefly, intend – intention, power – powerful, fruit – fruitful, connect – connection - connected

IV. Read the words, define their parts of speech and translate them:

largely, relation, feature, complement, occlusal, attachment, designed, namely, perversion, familiar, denture, importance, passage, powerful, development, collective

V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of infinitive.

1. Some years ago dental scientists conducted research to see the effect of fluoride in drinking water.

2. Lost teeth can be replaced using a fixed partial denture also known as a bridge.

3. Orthodontic treatment is known to improve the child’s appearance.

4. The bad tooth to be extracted cannot be stopped by a filling.

5. At that time dentists did not give patients anesthetics to kill pain.

6. It is known the deciduous teeth to appear at about six months after birth.

7. To place a crown the dentist must prepare the tooth reducing it in size so that a replacement crown can fit.

8. Cheese is reported to prevent the formation of acids in the mouth.

9. The dentists think the complications of apical periodontitis to occur in four forms.

10. Tooth decay is pathologic process to begin with plaque formation.

11. We know the purpose of apicectomy to save the tooth in cases where root filling is unsuccessful or impossible.

12. Greeks were apparently the first to dissect cadavers and probably also the bodies of condemned criminals.