Discuss the problem of the car accidents.

1. The frequency of car accidents.

2. The reasons of car accidents.

3. The most common injures.

4. The usual outcome.

Lesson 19

Грамматика: формы активного и пассивного залога, степени сравнения прилагательных (повторение)

Traumatic Diseases of the Jaws

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

periostitis [,periqs’tQitis]

traumatic cyst [trL’mqetik sist]

extremely [iks’trJmli]

application [,qepli’keiSqn]

ecchymosis [,eki’mousis]

drainage [‘dreiniG]

intraosseous hemorrhage [,intrq’Osiqs ‘hemqriG]

evacuation [I,vqekju’eiSqn]

curettage [kjuq’retiG]

granulation [,grqenju’leiSqn]

irrigation [,iri’teiSqn]

dislocation [,dis’lq’keiSqn

fixation [‘fikseiSqn]

immobilize [I’moubilQiz]

roentgen [‘rOntjqn]

general anesthesia [,qenis’TJzjq]

II. Learn the following words:

to complicate [‘kOmplikeit] - осложнять

fist - кулак

fight [fQit] - борьба, драка

tender - болезненный

fragility [frq’Giliti] - хрупкость, ломкость

to touch [tAC] - касаться, трогать

swelling - опухоль

sufficient [sq’fiSqnt] - достаточный

application [,qepli’keiSqn] - компресс; применение, использование

curettage [kjuq’retiG] - выскабливание

irrigation [,iri’geiSqn] - орошение, промывание

gauze [gLz] - марля

to predispose [,pridis’pouz] - предрасполагать

III. Read the words, define parts of speech and translate them:

partly, severity, traumatic, fracture, localized, frequently, fragility, postoprtative, complication, facial, extremely, affected, immobilize, temperature, discoloration, sufficient, producing, fracture, associated, displacement, masticate, various, involvement, irrigation, intraosseous

IV. Read the sentences and open the brackets with a correct active or passive tense form.

1. The third molar (to call) wisdom teeth and they (not to need) for chewing.

2. Deciduous teeth (to influence) the shape of the mouth and face.

3. Two parts of gingiva can (to differentiate).

4. The aching tooth (to extract) when the students came into the operating room.

5. The investigation of the injured jaw already (to make) by specialists.

6. He (to begin) to study the causes of this disease long before he made a report on it at the conference.

7. The pain (to increase) for several days until the tooth (to extract).

V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the adjectives and adverbs in different degrees of comparison.

1. It was found out that the gingiva in 40-50 year olds was significantly wider than that in 20-30 year olds.

2. The most common dental diseases are caries, gingivitis and pyorrhea.

3. The root-filled tooth will function just as well as one with a normal pulp.

4. Skeleton dentures are much better ones as the metal skeleton is far stronger than plastic.

5. One should always remember that the loss of a single tooth can give rise to caries and periodontal disease in at least three other teeth.

6. Now dental disease and practice of dentistry are associated with mortality no longer.

7. The longer you postpone your visiting a dentist, the more serious problems you may have.

8. The Chinese were making significant contributions to human progress as early as 2000 B.C.

9. The longer the carbohydrate stays on the teeth, the longer the duration of acid production.

VI. Read and translate the text.

Text A. Traumatic Diseases of the Jaws

    The result of trauma to the jaws depends partly on the severity and partly on the fragility of the bones. It may produce periostitis, traumatic cyst, or fracture.

Periostitis. Periostitis due to trauma uncomplicated by fracture is generally localized. It is frequently seen after surgical operations as a postoperative complication but it also may follow blows to the jaws such as occur in sport accidents, fist fights, and other facial injuries.

The affected part of the bone is extremely tender to the touch. There is more or less swelling of the periosteum and overlaying soft tissue with discoloration due to ecchymosis. Rise of temperature indicates infection.

Rest and cold applications to the injured part generally are sufficient to simple periostitis. If there is infection drainage should be established.

Traumatic Cyst. The mandible of young patients is plastic so that may cause intraosseous hemorrhage without producing a fracture. It results in the formation of a traumatic or hemorrhagic cyst. Treatment is surgical consisting in evacuation of the fluid content and curettage. Healing is by granulation which is assisted by irrigation and packing with gauze.

Fracture. Minor injuries result in subluxation, sometimes dislocation of the mandible may or may not be associated with fracture.

Fracture of the face usually involves one or more bones. Fractures of the jaws almost always interfere with mastication and fractures of the maxilla predispose to infection of the maxillary sinus. Depending on the character of the fracture and involvement of the adjacent parts we distinguish several types of fractures. The roentgen picture will show the amount of displacement.

The jaw is reduced under general anesthesia and immobilized by a suitable method of fixation. The simplest methods are the best. Various splints may be constructed.

VII. Answer the following questions.

1. What resulting diseases may a trauma to the jaw produce?

2. What are the causes of periostitis?

3. What treatment is prescribed in periostitis?

4. At what age does a traumatic cyst usually occur and why?

5. What measures should be prescribed to heal a traumatic cyst?

6. How many bones does the fracture of the face usually involve?

7. What do fractures of the jaws interfere with?

8. What methods are used to immobilize the jaw?

VIII. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions.

1. The result … trauma … the jaws may depend … the severity and fragility … the bones.

2. Periostitis due … trauma is generally localized.

3. The affected part … the bone is tender … the touch.

4. Rest and cold applications are sufficient … simple periostitis.

5. The treatment consists … evacuation … fluid content and curettage.

6. The jaw is reduced … general anesthesia and immobilized … a suitable method … fixation.

IX. Translate the following word combinations:

травмы челюсти, зависеть от тяжести и хрупкости костей, травматическая киста, осложненный переломом, послеоперационное осложнение, удар в челюсть, кулачный бой, повреждения лица, болезненный на ощупь, покой и холодные компрессы, устанавливать дренаж, удаление жидкого содержимого, выскабливание и промывание, смещение нижней челюсти, подходящий метод, различные шины

X. Translate the following sentences.

1. Травма челюсти может привести к периоститу, травматической кисте или перелому.

2. Периостит может быть послеоперационным осложнением или следствием удара в челюсть.

3. При простом периостите назначают покой и холодные компрессы.

4. Если присутствует инфекция, устанавливают дренаж.

5. Лечение травматической кисты состоит в удалении жидкого содержимого и выскабливании.

6. Переломы челюсти мешают жеванию.

7. При переломе челюсти используют различные типы шин.