XII. Read the text and answer the questions below.

Text B. Adult Orthodontics

    Although crowns and bridges may work wonders for some patients such procedures won’t help those with protruding or crowded teeth. Orthodontic treatment is the answer here.

    Many adults seek care simply because they want a more attractive smile. However, orthodontic problems affect more than just a person’s appearance. Crooked, crowded or protruding teeth are harder to clean and the consequence could be more tooth decay or periodontal disease. if chewing is difficult because teeth are not properly aligned there is a tendency to choose softer foods often at the expense of nutrition. Misaligned teeth can also create tension and pain in the jaw joints because of the extra stress placed on chewing muscles. They can cause abnormal wear of teeth and lead to emotional problems due to their effect on speech and unattractive appearance.

Questions:

1. Do crowns and bridges work wonders for patients in all cases?

2. Why do many adults seek orthodontic care?

3. Do orthodontic problems affect only appearance of the patient?

4. What could the consequence of crooked, crowded and protruding teeth be?

5. What teeth can create tension and pain in the jaw joints?

6. What abnormalities do misaligned teeth cause?

Lesson 24

Грамматика: предлоги и союзы, функции слова those

Oral Diseases of the Elderly

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

biological factors [,bQiq’lOGikql]

adaptive mechanism [q’dqeptiv ‘mekqnizm]

regenerative potential [ri’Genqrqtiv pou’tenSql]

ordinary [‘Ldinqri]

modified [‘mOdifQid]

service [‘sWvis]

specific process [spi’sifik]

to assist the patient [q’sist]

to adapt [q’dqept]

physiological state

tolerance [‘tOlqrqns[

potential [pq’tenSiql]

elastic mucosa [I’lqestic mjH’kousq]

geriatric patient [,Geri’qetrik]

II. Learn the following words:

elderly [‘eldqli] - пожилые (люди)

significant [sig’nifikqnt] - значительный, важный

to require [ri’kwQiq] - требовать

approach [q’proutS] - подход

to regard [ri’gRd] - считать, рассматривать

to evaluate [q’vqeljueit] - оценивать

to alter [‘Lltq] - менять

to heal [hJl] - излечивать; заживать

to irritate [‘iriteit] - раздражать

adjustment [q’Gastmqnt] - приспособляемость, адаптация

loneliness [‘lounlinqs] - одиночество

fear [fiq] - страх

exact [ig’zqekt] - точный

floor [flL] - дно, основание

average [‘qevqriG] - средний

leaves much to be desired [di’zQiqd] - оставляет желать лучшего

huge [‘hjHG] - огромный

III. Give three forms of the verbs:

to be, to lose, to become, to know, to follow, to irritate, to have, to require, to pay, to leave, to show, to consider

IV. Translate the following word combinations:

consideration of the biological factors, elderly patients, significantly lowered, to require a different approach, oral health services, to alter the effects of old age, the process of healing, to lose tolerance to irritants, adaptive capacity, to repair potentialities, to be easily injured, to require a modified treatment, to distinguish between complaints, social maladjustment, loneliness and fear, to follow one’s health, the floor of the mouth, a huge need

V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words in italics.

1. Many changes can be observed in the public health system of Russia since the 1990s.

2. Dr. Grey has been working in this hospital since he had graduated from the university.

3. He was not be able to attend the conference yesterday since he was performing an urgent operation.

4. The doctor has carefully followed up the child’s health since the very first days after birth.

5. Before the teeth erupt baby’s gums should be wiped gently with a soft wet washcloth (салфетка из махровой ткани) once a day.

6. Many important problems have been discussed at the meeting before the break.

7. He had begun to study this disease long before he made a report on it at the conference.

8. He is recovering after laser therapy.

9. The pain disappeared after a drug solution had been injected into the vein.

10. If he doesn’t look after his teeth it is likely that he can lose some.

11. After the deciduous teeth loosen they are shed and are soon replaced by eruption of their permanent successors.

VI. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the word those.

VII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the Past Participles.

1. Dentistry must be practiced with due consideration of the elderly patients.

2. Tissue regenerative potentials are usually lowered in geriatric patients.

3. Tissue changes associated with aging affect oral health services.

4. All oral structures can be affected by aging.

5. The mucosa is less elastic and becomes more easily injured.

6. Many factors are considered in treatment planning.

VIII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the Present Participles.

1. Changes in the supporting tissues require a modified treatment.

2. Medicaments the patient is receiving must be prescribed by the doctor.

3. Tissues losing their tolerance to irritants require a modified therapy.

4. Tissue changes associated with aging are due to specific disease processes.

5. Some patients attend dentists only when they are experiencing very severe pain.

6. Even past dental experiences should be considered in treatment planning.