V. Read and translate the text.

Text A. Congenital Anomalies

    Not all congenital defects are hereditary but can result from a variety of different agents producing defects which may be quite similar in appearance. The timing of the agent rather than its nature is most important. In experimental animals cleft palates resulted from a variety of stresses – radiation, vitamin deficiency, cortisone, intoxication and anoxia – if the factors were operating when the two halves of the palate fused on about the 15^th day of pregnancy.

    A common congenital defect is cleft lip with or without cleft palate. The prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is about one per 1000 births. In studies of cleft lip and cleft palate among various races, it is observed that clefting occurs more frequently among males than it does among females, except, as reported by Greene et. al., clefting in Negroes appears to be more frequent among females. Associations increasing parental age (both mother and father), geographic location and the occurrence of clefting in relatives have been established.

    Maternal measles during gestation appears to be associated with a high incidence of developmental dental defects including palatal defects. Fraser et. al. have shown that the offspring of cortisone-treated pregnant mice have a high incidence of cleft palate. These findings do not indicate absolutely that therapeutic doses of corticosteroids during pregnancy offer any hazard to the fetus.

    Failure of the infant to nurse may lead to the discovery of a cleft palate which is unassociated with a cleft lip. Such an infant may require a special nursing nipple which mechanically closes the cleft of the palate since surgical intervention is not possible until at least 5 months of age.

VI. Answer the following questions.

1. Are all congenital defects hereditary?

2. What do congenital defects result from?

3. What is more important in appearance of congenital defects?

4. What are the main causes of cleft palates?

5. What defect is more common – cleft palate or cleft lip?

6. Does clefting occur more frequently among males or females?

7. What is associated with high incidence of developmental dental defects?

8. What may an infant with cleft palate require?

VII. Translate the following word combinations.

наследственные дефекты, врожденные дефекты, одинаковые по внешнему виду, волчья пасть, заячья губа, во время беременности, нехватка витаминов, преобладание, возраст родителей, географическое положение, у родственников, высокая частотность, опасность для плода, специальные соски, хирургическое вмешательство, корь во время беременности

VIII. Make up questions to the underlined words.

1. Congenital defects can result from a variety of different agents.

2. The prevalence of cleft lip is about 1 per 1000 births.

3. Clefting occurs more frequently among males than among females.

4. Failure the infant to nurse may result in the discovery of a cleft palate.

5. Surgical intervention is not possible until 5 months of age.

IX. Translate the following sentences.

1. Не все врожденные заболевания являются наследственными.

2. Заячья губа является распространенным врожденным дефектом.

3. Заячья губа и волчья пасть появляются чаще у мужчин, чем у женщин.

4. Появление стоматологических дефектов, включая дефекты неба, связано с возрастом родителей и географическим положением.

5. Корь матери во время беременности часто связана с появлением дефектов полости рта.

6. Младенцам с такими дефектами как волчья пасть и заячья губа необходимы специальные соски.

7. Хирургическое вмешательство возможно только начиная с 5-месячного возраста.

X. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. Cleft Formation

    Cleft formation of the lip, jaw, palate (hare-lip, clefts of the hard palate) arise because of the failure of the facial processes to unite. This usually takes place in the second embryonal month while the palate does not close until a few weeks later. The typical cleft-line runs from the nasal cavity between the central and lateral third through the upper lip and in the region of the lateral incisor through the alveolar process. In the direction of the palate the cleft cuts through the connection between vomer and roof of the hard palate and serves the median union on the two halves of the soft palate. Statistically hare-lip and cleft palate are a congenital anomaly which develops rather oftener than the other anomalies. They are accompanied by unsightliness disturbances especially in mastication and phonation. All these give a source of unimaginable mental trouble to patients themselves as well as their families.

    In order to eliminate these disturbances many operative techniques have been performed. It is desired to advance plastic surgery of the anomaly and to five full instruction on phonation as well as to trace up etiology in an effort to eliminate and to prevent the incidence of the anomaly.

Lesson 18

Грамматика: слова-заменители, вопросительные предложения (повторение)

Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

elastic structure [I’lqestik ‘strAkCq]

trauma [trLmq]

automobile [‘LtqmqbJl]

periodontitis [,perioudqn’tQitis]

percussion [pW’kASqn]

intradental hemorrhage [‘hemqriG]

normal position [pq’ziSqn]

operative procedures [‘Opqrqtiv prq’sJGqz]

partial dislocation [‘pRSql]

horizontal [,hOri’zOntql]

vertical [‘vWtikl]

II. Learn the following words:

to subject [sqb’Gekt] - подвергать

pursuit [pq’sjHt] - занятие

wear [wFq] - износ

fracture [‘frqekCq] - перелом

jaw [GL] - челюсть

severe [si’viq] - сильный тяжелый

luxation [lAk’seiSqn] - вывих

comminuted [‘kOminjHtid] - осколочный

concussion [kqn’kASqn] - сотрясение

violence [‘vQiqlqns] - сила

blow [blou] - удар

to subside [sqb’sQid] - утихать, успокаиваться

elongation [,JlON’geiSqn] - удлинение, вытяжение

to grind - стачивать

oblique [qb’lJk] - косой

bite - прикус

wire [wQIq] - проволока

splint - шина

brittle [‘britl] - хрупкий, ломкий

III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words in italics.

1. It was found out that the gingiva in 40-50 year olds was significantly wider than that in 20-30 year olds.

2. The root-filled tooth will function just as well as one with a normal pulp.

3. Skeleton dentures are better ones as the metal skeleton is stronger than plastic.

4. Prevention of periodontal disease is rather similar to that of caries as both originate from stagnation of food debris on the teeth.

IV. Make up questions to the underlined words.

1. The human being has two sets of teeth.

2. The incidence of caries prevention largely depends on a person himself.

3. At the early stage of enamel caries bacterial acid leads to production ofmicropores enamel.

4. Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that periodontal disease is the major cause of tooth loss after 35 years of age.

5. If not treated the affected teeth become loose in their sockets.

6. Endodontic therapy should be performed if the crack has involved the pulp.