XIV. Read the text and retell it.

Text B. Pulpitis

    Pulpitis may be painful or painless but even the painless form may become painful in response to certain stimuli. For example, the tooth with painless pulpitis may become painful when percussed or may produce prolonged pain in response to electrical or thermal stimulation. Pulpitis may produce spontaneous pain which may become severe.

    Pulpitis does not always develop from caries. It may result from trauma, internal resorption or both. Apparently, pulpitis from caries is reversible until the pulp is invaded by microorganisms. Its reversibility then depends on the number and virulence of the organisms and on therapy. Following invasion of the pulp by microorganisms the prognosis for prolonged pulp viability is poor.

     Irreversible pulpitis continues to progress at varying rates through the pulp chamber and along the root canal. This progression leaves the contents of the pulp chamber necrotic or filled with pus and unable to respond to electrical or thermal stimuli. As the disease process passes through the apical foramina it becomes apical periodontitis. Reversible pulpitis is treated by sedative dressings while irreversible pulpitis is managed with endodontic therapy or extraction of the tooth.

Lesson 16

Грамматика: усилительная конструкция и функции it, сложное подлежащее (повторение)

Alveolar Pyorrhea

I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:

alveolar pyorrhea [,pQiq’riq]

destructive process [dis’trAktiv]

diabetes [,dQiq’bJtis]

hepatopathia [,hepq’tOpqTi]

endocrine dysfunction [‘endoukrQin]

etiologic factor [,Jtiq’lOGik]

accelerate [qek’selqreit]

hormone [‘hLmoun]

systemic therapy [‘Terqpi]

thyroid [‘TQiroid]

parotid [pq’rOtid]

biological action [,bQiq’lOGikql]

dystrophy [‘distrqfi]

mesenchymal tissues [,mqsin’kJmql]

injection [in’GekSqn]

II. Learn the following words:

among [q’mAN] - среди

morbidity [mL’biditi] - боль, болезненность

to clarify [‘klqerifQi] - вносить ясность

onset [‘Onsqt] - начало; приступ

to diminish [di’miniS] - уменьшать, понижать

to recur [ri’kW] - рецидивировать, возвращаться

undesirable [Andq’ziqrqbl] - нежелательный

in order to [‘Ldq] - для того чтобы

to avoid [q’void] - избегать

pituitary [pi’tjHitqri] - гипофиз

exact [I’gzqekt] - точный

relevant [‘relivqnt] - уместный

stream [strJm] - поток

content [‘kOntqnt] - содержание, содержимое

to infer [in’fW] - означать; делать вывод, заключать

III. Translate the following

    verbs: осложнять, связывать, ускорять, уменьшать (понижать), рецидивировать, облегчать, избегать, лечить, ограничивать, устанавливать (определять), увеличивать (повышать), обуславливать

    nouns: пародонтоз, заболевание, болезненность, развитие, железа, начало, сахарный диабет, нарушение, гипофиз, щитовидная железа, околоушная железа, ткани, кости, кровоток, дозировка, сыворотка, лечение

    adjectives: осложненный, местный, нежелательный, необходимый, так называемый, ограниченный, трудный, точный

IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word it.

V. Read and translate the sentences with the complex subject.

1. The mandible is known to be the only bone of the face which has movement.

2. Sugar is thought to have been the cause of dental caries.

3. The first teeth to erupt are known to be incisors.

4. The ancient Romans were known to have made false teeth and even dentures from ivory.

5. Plaque seems to build up faster and in larger amounts as we get older.

6. The delegation of American dentists appears to have arrived.

7. Soft tooth brushes are not likely to injure the gums.

8. Wisdom teeth are unlikely to erupt before a person is fifteen years old.

9. The pulp is then said to be exposed.

10. Severe toothache has been estimated to be caused by irritant action of bacteria and the acid products in the cavity.

VI. Use complex subject instead subordinate clauses according to the model.

Model: It is known that the first teeth are incisors.

       The first teeth are known to be incisors.

1. It is known that teeth erupt after six months.

2. It was found out that calcium is essential for the development of teeth.

3. It seems that caries is the commonest disease of civilization.

4. It is known that deciduous incisors and canines are replaced by permanent teeth of the same name.

5. It is estimated that deciduous teeth start developing before birth.

6. It is unlikely that the tooth will be filled.

VII. Translate the following sentences using Complex Subject.

1. Известно, что нижняя челюсть является самой большой костью лица.

2. Считается, что кариес можно предотвратить.

3. Говорят, что первая книга по стоматологии появилась в веке.

4. Известно, что кариес - одно из самых распространенных заболеваний полости рта.

5. Установлено, что пульпит бывает как острым так и хроническим.

6. Оказывается, что правильная чистка зубов уменьшает возможность возникновения кариеса.

7. Считается, что удаление зуба является обязательным в таком случае.