VIII. Read and translate the text.

Text A. Alveolar Pyorrhea

    Alveolar pyorrhea, chronic destructive periodontal disease, has been understood to be among the diseases with highest morbidity for human. Still its mechanism for development does not seem to have been fully clarified.

    Being often complicated with diabetes mellitus, hepatopathia and endocrine dysfunction the disease is considered to be closely related with metabolic disturbances for its onset and process.

    In alveolar pyorrhea etiological factors are usually classified as being either local or systemic.

    Systemic etiological factors accelerate the clinical symptoms, diminish the effects of local treatment, and make it easy to recur alveolar pyorrhea.

    In order to avoid these undesirable disturbances due to systemic factors it is necessary to treat the patient with so-called “systemic therapy”. Hormones such as pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid are very effective in the well indicated cases. However, systemic channels have been extremely limited and it is often difficult to determine the exact nature of relevant causative systemic factors in individual cases of alveolar pyorrhea.

    The salivary gland hormone was proved to have a strong biological action on the mesenchymal tissues of the whole body and especially on the teeth, periodontal tissues and the alveolar bones.

    There are two kinds of salivary gland hormones: parotin (extracted from the parotid glands of cattle) and saliva-parotin (extracted from the human mixed saliva).

    The injection of the proper dosage of this hormone (parotin) increases the white blood cells in the blood stream, saliva-parotin decreases serum calcium content and accelerates the calcification of the dentine.

     Since the salivary gland hormone has such biological actions it could easily be inferred that this hormone will work effectively on alveolar pyorrhea which may mostly be due to the dystrophy of the periodontal tissues.

IX. Answer the questions.

1. What is alveolar pyorrhea?

2. is its mechanism for development fully clarified?

3. What diseases can alveolar pyorrhea be complicated with?

4. How are etiologic factors in alveolar pyorrhea usually classified?

5. What drugs are used in so-called “systemic therapy”?

6. What hormones are effective in the well indicated cases?

7. What hormone was proved to have a strong biological action on the teeth, periodontal tissues and alveolar bones?

8. How does the injection of proper dosage of hormone act?

X. Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1. Mechanism for alveolar pyorrhea development does not seem …

2. Alveolar pyorrhea is considered to be closely related with …

3. … accelerate the clinical symptoms.

4. The patient must be treated with systemic therapy in order to …

5. … wad proved to have a strong biological action especially on the teeth, periodontal tissues and the alveolar bones.

6. It is difficult to determine causative factors because …

7. The injection of … increases the white blood cells in the blood stream.

XI. Translate the following word combinations:

пародонтоз, сильнейшая боль, осложненный сахарным диабетом, нарушение метаболизма, чтобы избежать, нежелательные нарушения, слюнные железы, очень ограниченный, соответствующая доза, в кровотоке, содержание кальция в сыворотке, обусловленный дистрофией

XII. Translate the following sentences.

1. Известно, что пародонтоз – одно из заболеваний, вызывающих сильную боль.

2. Оказывается, пародонтоз часто осложняется другими заболеваниями.

3. Установлено, что пародонтоз тесно связан с нарушением метаболизма.

4. Чтобы избежать нежелательных нарушений, пациента нужно лечить так называемой системной терапией.

5. Эффективными являются гипофизарные, щитовидные и эстрогенные гормоны.

6. Существует два вида гормонов слюнных желез.

7. Введение этого гормона увеличивает количество лейкоцитов в кровотоке, снижает содержание кальция в сыворотке и ускоряет процесс кальцификации дентина.

XIII. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. Clinical and Experimental Studies on the Etiology of Alveolar Pyorrhea, Chronic Marginal Periodontitis

    The etiology of alveolar pyorrhea (A.P.), chronic marginal periodontitis, are in the state groping in the dark at present. In the study of the etiology of this disease the wide viewpoint from the constitutional side should naturally be taken in addition to the simple local stand point. As the starting point, however, the local changes characteristic of this disease should be studied in detail and then a constitutional factors should be added for the synthetic evaluation.

    Studies on the Relation of A.P. to Histamine and its Related Substances.

    Considering an imaginable important role of histamine in inflammations or allergic reactions some clinical and experimental studies were made for the purpose of finding the relationship of the pathological changes of A.P. to local histamine. Gingivae in the case of A.P. showed a remarkable quantitative increase of histamine compared with those in the case of normal healthy controls. In the gingivae of A.P. an increase of mast cells and their morphological changes, particularly disintegration, were seen and the grade of changes was almost parallel to an increase of histamine.