Find in the text English equivalents of the Russian sentences.

1. Эпителиальная ткань имеет форму клеточной оболочки. 2. Морфологически эпителии класси-фицируются по форме и расположению клеток. 3. Согласно расположению клетки существуют простые и многослойные эпителии. 4. Соединительная ткань подразделяется на опорную и трофическую ткани. 5. Различают три вида мышечной ткани: скелетную, гладкую и сердечную. 6. Гладкие мышцы не так обильно снабжаются кровеносными сосудами, как скелетные и сердечные.

Make up sentences

Write down the summary of the text, using the following questions

1. What major groups of tissues do you know? 2. How are epithelia classified morphologically? 3. What are the connective tissues subdivided? 4. What is the difference between epithelial and connective tissues? 5. What kinds of muscles do you know? 6. According to what does the shape of smooth muscle vary? 7. What is the function of nerve tissue?

Lesson 3. Bacteria

Word List А

Read and translate the text.

BACTERIA

Micro-organism is a name applied to the smallest living things. They are invisible to the naked eye, and can be seen only tinder the microscope. Micro-organisms include a very large number of species: bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.

Bacteria are abundant everywhere: in the air, soil and water. They are single-celled plants varying in form; and this fact furnishes one of the means of identification.. When the individual is spherical, it is termed a coccus; when it is slightly longer than broad – bacterium; and still long­er – a bacillus, and when it as slightly curved upon itself a comma. The name “bacterium” is, however used in a general sense about any of those forms.

There are two methods or reproduction of bacteria. The commoner method is reproduction by fission. Certain species reproduce themselves by means of spores formed inside the bacterium. Spores are much more difficult to destroy by unfavourable conditions than the bacteria which produce them.

Reproduction is extremely rapid: a single individual can give rise to 16 million during 24 hours.

Different bacteria have a different temperature at which the grow fastest, and this is generally between 86° and 95°. As the temperature is gradually raised, the organisms first slow down, them become inhibited, and are finally de­stroyed. Freezing inhibits, but it does not kill the germs as heat does.

Bacteria vary in the kind of food which they require. Some species get their food from a living plant or animal, and are termed parasites. Forms which feed upon dead rotting matter are termed saprophytes.

Parasitic bacteria are the cause or numerous infectious diseases, such as anthrax, typhoid, etc. A particular kind of bacterium is required to produce a particular kind of disease. Many parasitic forms can live as saprophytes when no living host is available.

Saprophytic bacteria also play on important part. It is due to the action of these bacteria that organic substan­ces exposed to ordinary atmospheric influences begin to decay.

Therefore in order to prevent decay we must render the conditions of life unfavourable to the growth of bacteria that cause the damage.

Memorize the pronunciation of the following words, translate them.

diameter [dai’æmit ]

micro-organism [‘maikrou’ g nizm]

virus [vai ras]

virulent [‘virul nt]

coccus [‘k l s]

spore [sp ]

parasite [‘pær sait]

saprohyte [‘sæproufait]

typhoid [‘taif id]

agent [‘eid nt]

spherical [‘sferik l]

spiral [‘spair l]

Find in the text English equivalents of the following Russian word combinations

многочисленные инфекционные заболевания, невооруженный глаз, называется, особый вид, микроорганизм, один из способов, очень большое количество, в общем смысле, поэтому, одноклеточные растения, чрезвычайно быстро, условия жизни, неблагоприятные для роста.

Write down the summary of the text, using the following questions

1. What species do micro-organisms include? 2. What is one of the means of identification of bacteria? 3. How do bacterial species reproduce themselves? 4. What do parasites (saprophytes) feed upon?  5. What is to be done to prevent decay?

Translate into Russian

1. Saprophytes are to be found in air, soil, manure, and water. 2. Parasites arc those bacteria which are capable of Jiving and multiplying' within the human or animal body. 3. The vegetable forms of most of the pathogenic bacteria may grow at temperatures ranging between 20 and 40° C. 4. Under natural conditions bacteria are found on decaying organic and vegetable matter. 5. It must be remembered, however, that in certain circumstances the commensals acquire pathogenic powers. 6. It is interesting to note that the apparent phosphorescence of certain marine fish is due to bacteria. 7. The hydrochloric acid kills most of the bac­teria present in the food. 8. In the large intestine, where the contents remain longer, the bacteria which are still alive multiply tremendously in number, especially certain forms which thrive in the absence of air.

Translate into English

1. Патогенные бактерии способны вызывать различные заболевания. 2. Сапрофиты, или не-патогенные организмы, постоянно находятся в воздухе, в воде и пищевых продуктах. 3. Воздух над морем и на вершинах гор более свободен от бактерий, чем воздух городов. 4. Безвредные бактерии известны как комменсалы. Их можно найти на внешней поверхности тела, во рту, носу, кишечном тракте и т.д. 5. При определенных обстоятельствах, однако, комменсалы становятся патогенными.

Lesson 4. Diagnostics

Word List А