Read the words and word combinations difficult for reading.

a) absorb, absorbed, absorption, absorbent; change, changed, changing; germinate, germination, germinating; reproductive, reproduction; a support, to support, a supporter; to serve, serving, served; to mature, matured, maturity; to require, required, requirement; moist, moisture; flower, flowering; during; enough; through; purpose; storehouse; oxygen; complete;

b) favourable conditions, under favourable conditions, under unfavourable conditions; they supply, a great supply, are supplied, will be supplied; are supported, were supported, about the support; they spread, they are spread, they will be spread; the change, the change dormant condition, the great changes; to germinate immediately, the germination of seeds, the germinating seeds of wild species; supplied with moisture, without moisture; are required, will be required, many requirements of plants, about the food requirement; a small embryo, besides embryo, lastly an embryo, enough to stimulate, enough for stimulation, enough for transformation; main purpose, the main purpose of agronomy, to have the reproductive purpose; serves, is served, was served, will be served.

Read the words. Notice the spelling in English and in American English.

 English                                              American English

plough                                                 plow

favourable                                           favorable

labour                                                  labor

colour                                                  color

centre                                                   center

Vocabulary exercises

Match the English words to the Russian ones.

food                                                      запас

feed                                                       прорастание

germination                                           корм

germinate                                              главный

dormant                                                кров

supply                                                   бездействующий

main                                                      прорастать

purpose                                                 поддерживать

support                                                 цель

shelter                                                   пища

Match the Russian words to the English ones.

связь                                                   reproductive part

между                                                 change

изменение                                           animal

животное                                            favourable

благоприятный                                  between

влага                                                   connection

орган размножения                           serve

стебель                                               moisture

служить                                              stem

условие                                              condition  

Match the sentences with the translations.

1. Water and plant food are absorbed by plant roots from the soil.

2. Germination is the change of embryo from a dormant condition to the condition of activity or growth.

3. Roots and leaves of a plant are connected with the help of a stem.

4. The flowering plant consists of roots, stems, leaves and the reproductive part.

а) Цветковое растение состоит из корней, стеблей, листьев и органа размножения.

б) Влага и питательные вещества растений поглощаются корнями из почвы.

в) Корни и листья растения соединяются посредством стебля.

г) Прорастание – это переход зародыша из состояния покоя к активному состоянию или росту.

Find the equivalent of the Russian sentence.

а) Многие виды растений размножаются с помощью семян.

б) Многие виды культурных растений выращивались фермерами 3000 лет тому назад.

в) Эти виды растений будут выращиваться в этом хозяйстве.

1. Many species of cultivated plants were grown by farmers 3000 years ago.

2. These species of plants will be grown on that farm.

3. Many species of plants are reproduced by seeds.

Fill in the missing words.

1. The stem serves as а ... between the root and the leaves.

2. Embryo begins to ... at a definite temperature.

3. To absorb water and food from the soil is the chief ... of the root.

4. Plants ... man with food and clothing.

5. There are four main parts in each plant:    … , … , … , and flower.

_____________________________________________________________

purpose, connection, stem, leaf, germinate, supply, root.

Translate the international words.

embryo, reproductive, animalist, vegetation, temperature, classification, transformation, signal, final, result, pass, cycle, season, stimulate.

 3.7. Form pairs of words.

а) synonyms:

fundamental, supply, purpose, basic, provide, object, reserve, feed, main, basic, supply, food 

b) antonyms:

principal, absorb, activity, dryness, secondary, moisture, secrete, inertness

Translate the pairs of words.

a plant – to plant, a seed – to seed, a place – to place, a need – to need, a supply – to supply, a support – to support, a change – to change, a farm – to farm, a yield – to yield.

3.9. Translate the derivative verbs.

а) formed with the help of the suffix –en and the prefix en-

sadden (sad – печальный), redden, widen (wide – широкий), milden (mild – мягкий), golden (gold – золотой), blacken, thicken, darken, ripen (ripe – зрелый), loosen (loose – рыхлый) worsen (worse – хуже), lessen (less – меньше), shorten, fasten (fast – быстрый), moisten (moist – влажный), whiten;

enlarge, enrich, enable, enfeeble (feeble слабый), enforce (force сила).

b) formed with the help of the suffix -ize.

mechanize, organize, collectivize, centralize, monopolize, specialize, systematize, improvize, localize, socialize.

Grammar exercises

Compare the word combinations in Active and Passive.

The plant grows ....

The plant is grown . . . .                    

Crops spread ....

Crops are spread ....

Seeds produce ....

Seeds are produced ... .

The plant supplies ....

The plant is supplied ....

Food gives ....

Food is given ....

Translate. Notice the Tense of the verb in Passive.

The plants are grown ... Many species of plants were grown... New species of plants will be grown ... Seeds are often used ... Seeds were often used ... Seeds will be used ... Most of our crops were cultivated…

 4.3. Translate. Notice the predicate in Active and Passive.

1. Plants produce the most of our food and clothing. Our food and clothing are mainly produced by plants. 2. The roots of a plant absorb water and plant food from the soil. Water and plant food are absorbed from the soil through roots. 3. The stem supports the leaves and flower parts of most plants. The leaves and flower parts of most plants are supported by the stem. 4. Man and animals often use seeds as food. Seeds are often used as food for man and feed for animals.

 4.4. Build all types of conditional sentences using these phrases.

1. If the conditions are favourable, dormant plant or embryo begins to grow.

2. If a seed is supplied with plenty of moisture, warmth, and air, embryo begins to germinate quickly.

Task 1. Read the text.

PLANTS IN PEOPLE’S LIFE

Plants play a great role in people's life. If there weren’t plants, who or what would supply us with food, clothing, and shelter? Our food and clothing are mainly produced by plants.

The flowering plant consists of four main parts: root, stem, leaf, and the reproductive part which is made of flowers and seeds.

The root. The main purpose of the root is to absorb water and plant food from the soil. Under favourable conditions water and plant food are absorbed from the soil through roots.

The stem. The plant stem serves as a connection between roots and leaves. The leaves and flower parts of most plants are supported by the stem. The stem may serve as a most important storehouse of energy.

The flower and seeds. Most of our plants are spread by seeds. Also seeds are often used as food for man and feed for animals.

If the conditions are favourable, dormant plant or embryo begins to grow. The change from dormant condition to a condition of activity or growth is known as germination. Embryo begins to germinate when a seed is supplied with moisture, warmth, and air.

Over 3000 species of plants were grown by primitive farmer.

Still more species are and will be grown by modern farmer.

Task 2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Do plants play a great role in people's life? 2. What do plants supply us with? 3. What does the flowering plant consist of? 4.What are the functions of roots (stems, flowers and seeds)? 

Task 3. Prepare the presentation of a plant structure.

Module 4 PLANT ANATOMY

Text 4 THE ANATOMY OF A FLOWERING PLANT

1 Pre – reading tasks:

Vocabulary

angle – угол 

aerial root – воздушный корень

apical meristem – апикальная (верхушечная) меристема, группа клеток, обеспечивающая образование всех органов и первичных тканей побега

attach – прикреплять, присоединять, связывать

axil – пазуха

axillary bud – пазушная почка 

terminal bud – верхушечная почка

cell – клетка  

environment – окружающая среда  

extend – простираться, распространяться

lateral shoots or branches – боковой росток, побег, пасынок

internode – междоузлие 

leaf – лист 

node – узел 

obtain – получать, добывать

offshoots – ответвление, побег, отросток

outgrowth – вырост, отросток

petiole – стебелек, черешок

provide – обеспечивать, снабжать

root cap – корневой чехлик

tap root – главный (стержневой) корень

shape – форма

size – размер

soil – почва

stem or axis – ствол, стебель

stalk – стебелек, черешок, ножка

flower stalk – цветоножка 

leaf stalk – черешок листа

store – хранить 

tissue – ткань 

upper – верхний

1.2. Transcribe the following words and read them:

Outgrowth, environment, axillary, offshoots, supportive

Reading exercise

 2.1.Read the words and word combinations difficult for reading.

angiosperm, angiosperms, angiospermous; autotroph, autotrophs, autotrophic; base, based, base of the food web, based on; chemical, chemically; contain, contained, container ; convert, converted, converter, convertible; cover, covered, coverage, coverable,covered with leaves; divide, divided, dividable; energy, energetic, energize, energizer; extend, extended, the tap root extends; function, functions, functional; obtain, obtained, obtain water and food from soil; produce, produced, producing, producer; protect, protected, protection, protector; provide provided, providing, provider; reproductive, reproduction; shape, shaped, shaping; stalk, stalks, a leaf stalk, a flower stalk; structure, structured, structural; support supported, supportive, supportive part of the plant, supported by the petiole; terminal, terminate, terminal bud; vary, varied, vary in size; utilize, utilized, utilizing, utilization.

Vocabulary exercises