Read the words adopted from Greek and Latin. Notice the pronunciation of singular and plural of these words.

formula                                                     formulae

fungus                                                       fungi

bacillus                                                      bacilli

stimulus                                                     stimuli

datum                                                        data

bacterium                                                   bacteria

phenomenon                                              phenomena

criterion                                                     criteria

basis                                                          bases

analysis                                                      analyses

crisis                                                          crises   

Read the nouns and verbs. Notice the difference in stress.

Nouns     Verbs

'increase     in'crease

'decrease     de'crease  

'progress      pro'gress  

'produce     pro'duce 

'protest        pro'test  

'transport     trans'port

the increase of yield, they increased the yield, the yield will be increased; it decreases, the yield decrease was, it will decrease the yield; a great progress, they made a good progress, the student’s progress, they progressed greatly.

 3. Vocabulary exercises

Match the English words to the Russian ones.

branch                                                    урожай

farm                                                        поле

yield                                                        агротехника

improve                                                     улучшать

soil management                                      земледелие

field management                                     хозяйство

field                                                        отрасль

farmer                                                     земледелец

Match the Russian words to the English ones.

растениеводство                                     body

почвоведение                                          soil

полеводство                                            crop

вид                                                                   findings

почва                                                       crop production

тело                                                         farming

с. х. культура                                           species

полученные данные                                soil science

Match the words to the definitions.

agronomy                                                 to take care of the soil for

                                                            growing crops

soil science                                          a large piece of land usually

                                                            forming part of a farm

a field                                                  the science of crop production and

                                                            soil management

to cultivate                                          the science that treats of the

                                                           principles and practice of field

                                                            management

Match the definitions to the words.

 a person who studies genetics                      crop

 the science of wild cultivated species            a geneticist of plants

 a product of agriculture, such as tomato       botany              

Fill in the missing words.

1. N. I. Vavilov is a well-known Soviet... . 2. Agronomy is the ... of agriculture. 3. Many scientists made experiments, studied and wrote down their ... . 4. ... and crop science are included under the term ,,agronomy“. 5. They carried on tests with different … and wild species.

________________________________________________________________

 findings, soil science, scientist, branch, cultivated.

6. Translate the following international words.

agriculture, coordination, production, modern, genetics, physiology, botany, economics, system, experiment, natural, role, information, practice, principle, principal, manner.

Form pairs.

 a) synonyms:

yield, field, soil, harvest, cultivate, branch, ground, till

 b) antonyms:

improve, wild, plant, include, worse, harvest, cultivated, exclude

 3.8. Translate the derivative nouns.

a) formed with the help of suffixes -ment, -ion, -ation:

development, establishment, improvement, treatment, cultivation, occupation, concentration, combination;

b) formed from the verbs with the help of suffixes -er, -or, -ing:

grower, experimenter, farmer, cultivator, translator, demonstrator, growing, planting, improving, farming, cropping;

c) formed with the help of suffixes -ture, -ness, -ist:

culture, future, lecture, mixture, richness, darkness, usefulness, physiologist, botanist, physicist, geneticist.

 4. Grammar exercises

Find the characteristics of the following nouns.

1. a plant, the plant

2. this plant, that plant

3. their plant, our plant, its plant

4. no plant, each plant, another plant, every plant, any plant

5. the farmer’s plant, the students’ plant

6. plantation, development, physicist, mixture, grower, cultivator, agronomist, darkness, culture

7. the limit, of limit, each limit, any limit, this limit, no limit, to have limit

Determine the number of nouns and translate the word combinations.

a wild species, these wild species, those people are, this scientist’s work was, these students' experiment is, those men were, these women are.

3. Find the nouns adopted from Greek and Latin. Designate their singular and plural. Translate the sentences.

1. They saw the larvae on that crop in spring.

2. We observed this phenomenon under field conditions.

3. I found no fungi here.

4. This white larva feeds on the roots.

5. We can find many fungi on crop.

6. Many bacteria live in the soil.

Translate the sentences. Notice the place of the noun in the sentence and the preposition before it.

Example: to see the plant              видеть растение

       on the plant                        на растении

       to the plant                         растению

1. A modern science develops rapidly. Agronomy is the science of soils and crops. Under science we understand knowledge arranged in an orderly manner. The Government pays great attention to the science of agronomy.

2. We visit the farm. The farm is large. They send new machines to the farm. The yields of the farm are high. There is a good agronomist on the farm.

Determine the Tense used in the sentence. Translate the sentences.

1. Scientists experimented, studied and wrote down their findings from good farming. 2. Many experiments were made by our students in the laboratories. 3. Scientists did, do and will do much for the development of crop science. 4. Farmers began to improve farming and soil management centuries ago after they had noticed that their farming was giving poor yields. 5. Agronomy treats of the principles and practice of crop production and field management.

Task 1. Read the text.

 AGRONOMY AS THE BRANCH OF AGRICULTURE

 Agronomy is the branch of agriculture that treats of the principles and practice of crop production and field management.

The term " agronomy " is the combination of two Greek words "agros" (field) and "nomos" (management). Under the term "agronomy" we include soil science and crop science.

Farmers began to improve farming and soil management after they had seen that poor farming practice was giving poor yields.

A modern science of agronomy was built up by coordination of knowledge of different sciences, such as genetics, physics, plant physiology, botany, chemistry, economics, and many others. Scientists experimented, studied and wrote down their findings from good farming. They made many experiments with different cultivated and wild species of plants and different systems of soil management.

A brilliant school of soil scientists was developed in Russia under the leadership of V. V. Dokuchaev. Russian scientists found out for the first time that soils are individual natural bodies. N. I. Vavilov, a famous Soviet scientist, and many other scientists did much for the development of crop science. In Kazakhstan the contribution to agronomy science was made by A. I. Baraev. One of the streets in Astana was named after him.

Task 2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What does agronomy treat of?

2. What do we include under the term "agronomy"?

3. What practice always gives poor yields?

4. What school of scientists was developed in Russia under the leadership of V. V. Dokuchaev?

 5. What did Russian scientists find for the first time?

 6. What scientists did much for the development of crop science?

Module 2 THE PRODUCTON OF FARM CROPS

Text 2 FARM CROP PRODUCTION

1 Pre – reading tasks:

Vocabulary

berry – ягода

efficient – эффективный

fruit – плод

grain – 1. зерно 2. зерновая культура

grow (grew, grown) – выращивать, расти

grower – растениевод, фермер

growth – рост

growing – выращивание

important – важный

increase – увеличение, увеличивать

influence – влияние, влиять

leaf – лист

origin – происхождение, источник

originate – происходить

research – исследование, исследовать

root – корень, укорениться

seed – 1. семя 2. сеять

Synonyms:

crop production = plant growing

efficient = effective

farmer = grower = agriculturist

originate = come from

Antonyms:

high – low

increase – decrease

1.2. Transcribe the following words and read them:

Influence, originate, efficient, root, grain

Reading exercises