Read the words and word combinations difficult for reading.

agriculture, agricultural, agriculturist; efficient, efficiency, efficient crop production, efficient practices; fundament, fundamental, fundamental principles; grow, grew, grown, grower, growth, the plant grows; influence, influenced, influencing, influence the plant growth; increase, increased, increase crop production, increase yields, increase of yields; lead, led, leader, leading; origin, original, originate, originated, the origin of farm crop production, originated from wild species; recommend, recommendable, recommendation, recommendations for efficient production; wild, wildness, wild species of plants; yield, yielded, yielding, high yields of crops.

 2.2. Read the nouns and verbs. Notice the difference in stress.

ꞌdecrease                                             deꞌcrease

ꞌincrease                                              inꞌcrease

ꞌpresent                                               preꞌsent

ꞌproduce                                              proꞌduce

increase of yields, increase yields of crops, present fundamental principles, at present

Vocabulary exercises

Match the English words to the Russian ones.

berry                                   высокий урожай

grain                                    исследование

growth                                 семя

grow                                    выращивать

research                               рост

seed                                     ягода

high yield                             зеpновая культура

 3.2. Match the equivalents of Russian words:

корень                                efficient

растениевод                       increase

выращивание                     root

влияние                              originate

происходить                      grower

увеличивать                       growing

эффективный                     influence

3.3. Match the definitions to the words:

a root                                   a small hard seed of some plants which

                                            is used for food

a seed                                   the part of a plant which is under the

                                            ground

a grain                                    to find out facts by scientific study

to research                           that part of a plant from which a new

                                            plant will grow

 3.4. Fill in the missing words.

1. Farmers must know factors which … the plant ... . 2. Agronomists try to ... yields of crops. 3. Man started to ... crops hundreds of years ago. 4. People cannot live without ... . 5. A lot of farm crops … from wild species of plants.

__________________________________________________________

 increase, grow, influence, originated, plants, growth.

 3.5. Translate the international words.

start, document, recommendations, text, student, fundamental, primitive, factor,

laboratory, limit, presentation, farmer, practice, principle, agriculture, management, original.

Form pairs.

a) synonyms:

 originate, farmer, efficient, grower, effective, come from

b) antonyms:

decrease, high, civil, increase, primitive, low

Add the proper suffixes. Translate the words into Russian.

 -tion – produce, cultivate, originate, collect, inform, coordinate

 -ment – develop, improve, manage

 -ness – effective, rich, poor

 -er – grow, research, read, write   

 -ing – crop, plant, include

 -ist – science, botany, physiology

Grammar exercises

Specify the characteristic features of nouns and verbs.

1. (use) its use, their use, they can use, they use, the unit does not use, the unit uses it, does the unit use the energy?;

2.(lift) its lift, they lift, their lift, these lifts, these lift, does the machine lift the seed?, the lift does not depend, these means lift it, the mean lifts them;

3. (increase) its increase, their increase, they increase, the weight does not increase, the weight increase has, does the weight increase have an effect?, does the weight increase greatly?, the weight increases them.

4.2. Explain the use of « s» in the following words:

grows, takes, soils, fields, man’s life, farmer’s textbook, people’s needs, he cultivates, he includes, physics, economics, genetics.

Determine which preposition can be translated into Russian with the help of genitive (whose?), dative (whom?), ablative (who by, what with?) and prepositional (who, what about?) cases.

about the farmer, to the farmer, by the farmer, of the farmer, to the method, of the method, about the method, by the method, with water.

Explain the use of «to» before the noun and the verb.

tоcultivate, to the cultivator, to the farm, to farm, to grow, to the grower, to

plant, to the plant.

Translate the word combinations.

Notice that the first noun can be translated as:

a) an adjective:

a farm animal – с. х. животное

the soil water – почвенная влага

b) a noun in the genitive case:

the plant protection – защита растений

the plant food, the food plant, a plant species, the plant selection, the plant growth, the farm crop, the crop yield, grain crops, some field research, his laboratory research.

Translate the word combinations beginning from the end and using question words «what?», «whom? », etc.

this soil management system, the crop science development, the crop production recommendations, the farm crop production recommendations, the chemical biological analysis methods, field crop production, the large temperature differences, the large temperature use.

Give the dictionary form of words.

a) families, leaves, pages, species, notices, knives, classes, means, boxes, farms, news;

b) began, went, came, homed, could, was, were, had kept, formed, improved, knew, built, sent, placed, grew.

Give the Past Indefinite Tense of the following verbs.

to grow, to come, to go, to know, to write, to develop, to take, to improve, to see, to have, to be, to do.

Determine the Tense of the verbs. Translate the sentences.

1. Primitive man lived on leaves, roots, seeds, berries, and fruits.

2. A limited number of crops is cultivated on this farm.

3. Science will help to increase yields of crops.

4. Agronomy is the science of the production of farm crops.

5. Some information of Roman agriculture was got from written documents.

6. Students of agriculture study factors which influence the plant growth.

Translate the sentences. Notice the modals.

1. You should know much of the origin of farm crop production.

2. Roman agriculture might be the first of which we got some information from written documents.

3. Primitive man could not grow plants.

4. Is the modern science able to help in increasing yields of crops?

5. We must get high yields of crops this year.

Task 1. Read the text.

 FARM CROP PRODUCTION

Agronomy is the science of the production of farm crops. We do not know much of the origin of farm crop production. Roman agriculture might be the first of which we got some information from written documents. Primitive man could not grow plants. He lived on leaves, roots, seeds, berries, and fruits. Crop production began when man started to cultivate plants.

The early farmers cultivated a limited number of crops, but there were some grain crops which are grown at present. All important farm crops originated from wild species.

Science helped, helps and will help to increase yields of crops. Findings in field and laboratory research are leading to new recommendations for efficient crop production. The modern farmers should follow the most efficient practices to get high yields. The grower who still farms as his father did when he was a boy is the farmer who does not and will not get high yields of crops.

Every student of agriculture has to study all factors which influence the plant growth and some of the fundamental principles of soil management and field crop production.

 Task 2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What information did we get from written documents?

2. What did primitive man live on?

3. What crops does farmer grow at present?

4. What farmer will get high yields?

5. What helps to increase yields of crops?

Task 3. Write some recommendations for agronomy students using modal verbs or their equivalents.

Module 3 PLANTS

Text 3 PLANTS IN PEOPLE’S LIFE

1 Pre – reading tasks:

Vocabulary

absorb – пoглощать, всасывать

activity – активность, деятельность

change – 1. изменение 2. изменять(ся)

clothing – одежда

condition – условие

connection – связь

dormant – бездействующий

favourable – благоприятный

feed, food – питание, корм

germinate – прорастать

germination – прорастание

main – главный, основной

moisture – влага, влажность

part – часть

reproductive part – орган размножения

purpose – цель

shelter – кров, убежище

spread (spread, spread) – pаспространять/ся

stem – стебель

storehouse – хранилище, кладовая

supply – снабжать, запас, снабжение

support – поддержка, поддерживать                                                                                   

Synonyms:

feed = food = forage

main = basic = principal = chief

purpose = aim = object = end

supply = reserve

 Antonyms:

absorb – secrete

main – secondary

moisture – dryness

1.2. Transcribe the following words and read them:

Purpose, storehouse, favourable, germinate, clothing

Reading exercises