Make the following sentences passive. Translate the sentences.

1. He didn’t explain the traffic regulations to me.

2. They have organized a golf club here.

3. They are rehearsing a new play in the National Theatre.

4. We lost sight of the car when it turned round the corner.

5. They have been carrying out the work since August.

3. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the function of the Infinitive constructions in the sentence.

1. He felt somebody touch him lightly on the shoulder.

2. They did not expect me to return so soon.

3. It is obligatory for them to be here on Monday.

4. I shall leave the magazine for you to read.

5. She was foolish enough not to have understood my explanations.

Choose the necessary modal verb among those in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. He (could, may) read and write at the age of five.

2. I am certain Sarah (should, must) be bored with her work.

3. He (need not, must not) call me today, but he did.

4. You (might, could) phone me last night. I was waiting for your call.

5. You (need, be to) do your homework before you watch TV.

Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the translation of the Gerund.

1. Do you remember meeting your husband for the first time?

2. They suggested going to the park.

3. Excuse my leaving you at such a moment.

4. Stanton admitted taking the money.

5. He dressed as if he were afraid of catching a cold.

6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:

The Beginning of Mass Communication

In Western culture, mass communication began in the 15^th century when the German printer Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468) invented the process of movable type. Movable type allowed molds of alphabet characters to be rearranged to form any message desired. After enough of a particular page was printed, the letter molds could be reused to form new words and pages.

Prior to that time, most books were handwritten and very time-consuming to produce. Because of this, reading material was limited to those in the elite culture – the clergy and nobility. Gutenberg’s invention increased the number of books and made them available for a new emerging middle class.

Life in medieval society was very stable. People were born into a social class and remained there throughout their life. However, by the 14^th century, Europeans had started to travel and explore the world beyond them. They began to discover different cultures ant different types of consumer goods, and these discoveries led to the development of long-distance trade.

Printing became the first mass-produced and mass-distributed commodity in this new Western culture. And pictorial prints were the first form of mass-produced images for popular markets.

In addition to books and pictorial prints, maps were also widely published and circulated. They not only facilitated trade and travel, but were used like pictorial prints as decorative wall hangings.

Most books published during the first century of printing were reproductions of traditional religious works, such as the Bible, the Book of Hours (which contains the prescribed order of prayers, readings from the Scriptures, etc.) and the like. Woodcut illustrations were used in this books not so much to illustrate a scene but rather to decorate the pages.

IV ВАРІАНТ

Transform the direct speech into reported one according to the model. Pay attention to the rules of the sequence of tenses. Translate the sentences.

1. “I will ring when I want you,” she said to the maid.

2. “Both of you come with me,” Conder said, “and have a drink at the Fitzroy”.

3. “Now, Miss Dunbar,” said Holmes, “I beg you to tell us exactly what occurred that evening”.

4. Arthur said, “The lake is lovely”.

5. He said to Monty softly, “Play one of your brother’s songs”.

Make the following sentences passive. Translate the sentences.

1. She announced to the workers that the experiment was dangerous.

2. Have you sent for the morning papers?

3. You are always finding fault with me!

4. Where will they build the new theatre?

5. Two young but experienced nurses assisted the doctor during the operation.

Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the function of the Infinitive constructions in the sentence.

1. I want you both to be happy very much.

2. He wanted her to deal with it herself.

3. Yesterday Jane saw Her Majesty speak in front of the Houses of Parliament.

4. You are certain to like him.

5. The bridge was too narrow for the track to cross.

Choose the necessary modal verb among those in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. You (can, ought to) know the subject better if you want to pass the exam well.

2. (Could, might) I smoke in here?

3. If we (need, be to) win this match, we all must do our very best.

4. He (may, need) not have recovered yet.

5. You (must, can) smoke in here. The window is open.

Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the translation of the Gerund.

1. This illness will mean going to hospital. It’ll require that treatment.

2. She can’t stand being kept waiting.

3. She is afraid of waking her husband. He is ill.

4. Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.

5. Do you remember closing the window before leaving?

6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:

Development of The Novel

After mass communication developed, more and more people learned to read and write, especially among the middle classes. However, in those days, the elite did not think of literacy as being merely the ability to read and write. Only those who could read critically and understand the Greek and Roman classics were considered truly literate.

Chapbooks. The new readers were not interested in the ancient classics. In addition to the Bible, they read small, inexpensive books called chapbooks, which contained folk stories and romances. People read chapbooks simply for enjoyment, not to produce erudite literary analysis. Reading was a new way to enjoy the ancient art of storytelling, only now stories were told in printed versions rather than orally.

The Novel. Middle-class readers also provided a market for a new form of book in the 18^th century – the novel. Writers, no longer reliant on the patronage of the elite and obliged to satisfy their expectations of elevated, stilted language, began to use the everyday language of the masses.

A major characteristic of the novel was its realism. Each new novel was supposed to be different. Novels emphasized individual experience over collective experience. They were concerned with morality and attempted to present moral themes. To make the novels affordable and widely, many – such as the works of Charles Dickens in the 19^th century – were published in serial form. (That is, a few chapters would be published each week or month in pamphlet form). With the evolution of the novel, the language of the written word became descriptive rather than conceptual or abstract.      

V ВАРІАНТ

Transform the direct speech into reported one according to the model. Pay attention to the rules of the sequence of tenses. Translate the sentences.

1. “Mister,” she asked, “do you speak French?”

2. “O please forgive me, Tom; my heart will break,” said Maggie.

3. “How nice to see a new face,” the woman in black velvet said.

4. “You must go to England before June. It is absolutely necessary,” said the doctor.

5. “Greta, please say something,” he begged.