National heroes and heroines

All countries have their national heroes and heroines. We usually learn about this people through our history lessons at school.

Heroes and heroines are often leaders who fought against a more powerful enemy. The earliest leader in British history was Queen Boadicea, who led a rebellion against the Romans. There is a statue of her on Westminster Bridge in London. Boadicea was defeated, but a later hero, King Alfred the Great, won his fight against the Vikings. Alfred is the only English king called ’the Great’. In Scotland the most famous leader is Robert the Bruce. He defeated the English in one of the many wars between England and Scotland which took place before the two countries were united. The most famous British national leader from modern times is Winston Churchill, who was prime minister during the Second World War.

Not all national heroes and heroines are leaders. Some are inventors, explorers or pioneers in a particular field. British schoolchildren learn about George Stephenson, who invented the first railway engine; Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin; Florence Nightingale, who founded the nursing profession; and David Livingstone, who explored Africa.

National heroes are not always international heroes. Very often people in other countries have never heard of them. And one country’s hero can be another country’s villain. For example, British schoolchildren learn that Sir Francis Drake was a great hero who fought against the Spanish king Philip II, but in Spain it is Philip II who is the hero, while Drake was nothing more than a pirate.

7. Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання до тексту:

1. Who are your national heroes and heroines?

2. What do you think people in other countries think of them?

Складіть план до тексту у формі запитань різного типу. 

IV ВАРІАНТ

1. Оберіть необхідне слово в дужках та перекладіть речення:

1. The weather is (cold, coldly) today.

2. We traveled (comfortable, comfortably).

3. My opinion of this book is (different, differently) from yours.

4. Your description is not quite (exact, exactly).

5. The children seem to be very (happy, happily). 

2. Перекладіть речення, вживаючи модальні дієслова can, may, must або їх еквіваленти:

1. Тобі вже можна ходити на тренування?

2. Мені доведеться затриматись на роботі завтра.

3. Я повинен розповісти тобі дещо.

4. Можливо, він приїде пізніше.

5. Мабуть, ти вчора застудився.    

3. Вставте необхідний прийменник та перекладіть речення:

1. There is a nice carpet … the floor.

2. I usually sleep till 10 o’clock … Sundays.

3. The streets were crowded … people.

4. He comes … Portugal.

5. She gave a quotation … Shakespeare.

4. Поставте дієслова в дужках у необхідній часовій формі та перекладіть речення:

1. As I (walk) home one night, my foot (slip) on some ice and I (fall) over.

2. A man with long hair (stand) outside at the moment.

3. I (know) the girl you (speak) to yesterday.

4. He (come) back in a few minutes, I’m sure. 

5. Перекладіть речення, використовуючи it, one або they у ролі підмета:

1. Надворі морозно.

2. Було зрозуміло, що він говорить правду.

3. Починаючи готувати матеріал, необхідно скласти план.

6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:

Press in Great Britain

Great Britain is really a newspaper reading nation. More national and regional daily newspapers are sold in Britain than in most other developed countries. National newspapers have a total circulation of 14, 2 million on weekdays and 16, 2 million on Sundays. There are about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers, over 2,000 weekly newspapers and some 7,000 periodical publications. There are also more than 700 free distribution newspapers, mostly weekly and financed by advertising, and some 60 newspapers and magazines produced by members of the ethnic minorities. The press is free to comment on matters of public interest, subject of law (including that of libel). There is no state control or censorship of the press, which caters for a variety of political views, interests and levels of education. Newspapers are almost always financially independent of any political party. None of the main political parties own or publish daily newspapers. There is a Press Complaints Commission which deals with complaints by members of the public and provides a more effective press self-regulation and prevention intrusion into privacy.

All the national newspapers use computer technology, and its use in the provincial press is increasing.

Twelve national morning daily papers (5 “qualities” and 7 “populars”) are available in most parts of Britain.

7. Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання до тексту:

1. What are the most popular daily and weekly newspapers and magazines in your country?

2. Is the press in your country free of censorship?

Складіть план до тексту у формі запитань різного типу. 

V ВАРІАНТ

1. Оберіть необхідне слово в дужках та перекладіть речення:

1. They lived (happy, happily).

2. He is (dangerous, dangerously) ill.

3. The two sisters were dressed (different, differently).

4. I don’t know (exact, exactly) when he will come.

5. The work was (perfect, perfectly) done.  

2. Перекладіть речення, вживаючи модальні дієслова can, may, must або їх еквіваленти:

1. Вони не змогли поїхати за місто в минулий вихідні.

2. Боюся, що не зможу вам допомогти.

3. Можливо, він запізнюється.

4. Вам не можна туди ходити.

5. Напевно, цікаво подивитися цей фільм. 

3. Вставте необхідний прийменник та перекладіть речення:

1. The First World War started … 1914.

2. I have just come … China.

3. I have been working … an hour.

4. He decided to stay … his cousin’s place.

5. The press-conference will start … 7 o’clock p.m.

4. Поставте дієслова в дужках у необхідній часовій формі та перекладіть речення:

1. Sam (have) an accident while he (ride) a bicycle: fortunately he (not hurt) himself too badly.

2. As he (hear) that news he (rush) out of the room.

3. She always (invite) Robert to come and wait, but he never does.

4. We (know) him for a long time before we (give) him a position in the accounts department. 

5. Перекладіть речення, використовуючи it, one або they у ролі підмета:

1. Необхідно добре подумати, перш ніж обрати майбутню професію.

2. У лютому часто йде сніг.

3. Кажуть, він добре знається у цьому.

6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:

Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was the greatest writer in the English language. He was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of eighteen he married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years older than himself. A few years later he moved to London, where he worked as an actor and a playwright.

Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays and 154 sonnets (a kind of poem). His most famous plays are the four great tragedies – Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet and King Lear. He also wrote several historical plays. Eight of these plays were about English kings, including Richard II, Henry V and Richard III. Others dealt with Roman history and included Julius Caesar and Anthony and Cleopatra. But not all of the Shakespeare’s plays were serious. He also wrote comedies, such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Twelfth Night.

Shakespeare died in Stratford on 23 April 1616, but his plays are still very popular today. They have been translated into several different languages, and many of them have been made into films, both in English and other languages. Shakespeare’s plays are about the great issues of life – love, hatred, jealousy, power, ambition, death and so on. So, his plays are just so relevant today as they were in the sixteenth century. To show this, modern directors sometimes do the plays in modern dress, and one of Shakespeare’s plays has even been turned into a modern musical. His romantic tragedy Romeo and Juliet was the basis for the musical West Side Story.

7. Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання до тексту:

1. Who is the most famous writer in your language?

2. What do you know about him/her?

Складіть план до тексту у формі запитань різного типу. 

КОНТРОЛЬНА РОБОТА № 3

Щоб правильно виконати контрольну роботу № 3, необхідно повторити наступний граматичний матеріал:

1. Пряма та непряма мова.

2. Пасивний стан

3. Інфінітивні конструкції та їх функції у реченні.

4. Герундій. Особливості перекладу герундія на рідну мову.

5. Модальні дієслова.

Приклад виконання завдань