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Thermometer, volume, liquid, mercury, spirit, to enclose, tube, variation, alternation, dial, expansion, bi-metal, strip, result in, torque, pointer, circular, thermograph, scale, Centigrade, Fahrenheit, atmospheric, freezing point, boiling point, the same, to convert, vice versa, equation, minus, sign, actual.

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Thermometer, thermograph, scale, minus, bimetal, expansion, mercury, tube, variation, alternation, Centigrade, Fahrenheit, actual, atmospheric, spirit.

Образуйте однокоренные слова и переведите их

Liquid, spirit, point, circular, freeze, boil, convert, equation, expansion, difference.

Найдите в группе (а) слово, равное по значению в группе

(б)

a) заключать, приводить к, такой же, наоборот, знак, вращающий момент, диск (циферблата), полоса (лента), спирт, уравнение, жидкость, ртуть, объем, шкала.

б) sign, strip, volume, to enclose, torque, liquid, to result in, vice versa, dial, equation, the same, mercury, scale, spirit.

Употребите подходящее по смыслу слово

1. Measuring temperature we use two scales ... and ...

2. To make a thermometer we take liquids usually ... or ... enclosed in a glass ...

3. The ... of volume of liquid depends on temperature change.

4. ... of a substance changes with temperature.

5. The freezing point of water at ... pressure is denoted by 0 °C.

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Text 3.BRITISH THERMAL UNIT

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What is absolute temperature? On the absolute temperature scale (which may be in either Centigrade or Fahrenheit degrees) 0°C represents the lowest attainable temperature at which the internal energy of all substances is zero. This temperature is – 273.1°C or – 459.6 °F; hence to convert Centigrade temperatures to °C absolute we add 273.1 and to convert Fahrenheit temperatures to °F absolute we add 459.6

 What units are used for measuring heat? The British thermal unit (Btu) is used by engineers in the UK and the USA; the calorie is used in scientific work and generally wherever the metric system is in use. The Btu is the amount of heat which will raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1°C. There are two calories: the small calorie, or gramme-calorie, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gramme of water by 1°C and the great calorie or Kilocalorie (Kcal) which is 1000 times as great, i.e. the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogramme (Kg) of water by 1°C. A frigorie is exactly the name as the kilocalorie and is used by European writers to denote the power of removing heat possessed by a refrigerating plant. 1 Kcal = 3.968 Btu = 4.18 J. The joule (J) is the SI (international measure system) unit of heat, but it is not yet in general commercial use.

 What is the latent heat of a substance? The amount of heat which has to be added to unit weight of the substance to change its state from solid to liquid (latent heat of fusion)

or from liquid to vapor (latent heat of vaporization). It is used in overcoming intermolecular forces and no change in temperature results.

What is sensible heat? It is heat which results in a change in temperature; when unit weight of a substance is heated by 1° the gain in sensible heat is equal to the specific heat.

 What is specific heat? The amount of heat that has to be added to a substance to produce a given rise in temperature varies according to the nature of the substance. The specific heat of a substance is the ratio of the amount of heat which will raise the temperature of a given weight of it by 1° to the amount of heat which will produce the same rise in temperature in the same weight of water. It is independent of the temperature scale used. By definition the specific heat of water itself is 1.

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Absolute, attainable, internal, zero, British thermal unit (Btu), calorie, metric, lb (pound), gramme-calorie, kilocalorie (Kcal), frigorie, European, refrigerating plant, joule (J), commercial, weight, latent heat, fusion, vaporization, intermolecular, sensible heat, specific heat, nature.

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['weit], ['wei], [‘leit(ә)nt], [‘veipәraiz], [‘sensәbl], [‘kælәri], [‘æbsәlu:t], [ә‘teinәbl], [‘fridZәri], [‘ziәrou], [paund].

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C° = Centigrade; F° = Fahrenheit

Btu = British thermal unit; Btu/h = hour; Btu/min

Lb = pound, lbft = pound per foot

Kcal = kilocalorie

Kg = kilogramme

J = joule

SI = international measure system

Ft = foot (30.48 cm)

U.K. = the United Kingdom

0° = zero degrees

A = ampere

i.e. = that is

hp = horsepower

kw = kilowatt

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Temperature – high temperature, low temperature, absolute temperature, attainable temperature, actual temperature, required temperature, Centigrade temperature, Fahrenheit temperature.

Calorie – small calorie, great calorie, gramme-calorie, kilocalorie.

Unit – British thermal unit, unit of heat, plant unit, work unit.

Heat – specific heat, sensible heat, latent heat, heat exchange, heat sink, heat energy.

Energy – heat energy, electric energy, wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, internal energy, atomic energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, mechanical energy, nuclear energy.

Переведите на английский язык

Британская тепловая единица, фунт на фут, лошадиная сила, нуль градусов, международная система измерения, Цельсий, кило - калория, шкала, скрытое тепло, явное тепло, удельное тепло (теплоемкость).  

Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is temperature?

2. What is absolute temperature?

3. What is heat?

4. What is the latent heat?

5. What is sensible heat?

6. What is specific heat?

Text 4.VAPOR PRESSURE