XI. Translate the following sentences.

Черединова О.В.

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

По английскому языку

Для студентов стоматологического факультета

2017 г.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Lesson 12. Словообразование, придаточные предложения условия и времени

          Dental Caries                                                                                     58

Lesson 13. Словообразование, причастие I и II, неполные придаточные предложения

          Periodontal Disease                                                                            63

Lesson 14. 4 формы глагола и их функции, модальные глаголы

          Dental Cracks                                                                                      68

Lesson 15. Цепочки существительных, функции глагола to have, конструкция

        there is/are

          Pulp Involvement                                                                                73

Lesson 16. Усилительная конструкция, сложное подлежащее

          Alveolar Pyorrhea                                                                                    78

Lesson 17. Сложное подлежащее, функции слова since

          Congenital Anomalies                                                                         84

Lesson 18. Слова заменители, вопросительные предложения

          Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth                                                           88

Lesson 19. Формы глагола в активном и пассивном залоге, степени сравнения

          Traumatic Diseases of the Jaws                                                            92

Lesson 20. Сложное дополнение

          Infectious Diseases of the Jaws                                                           96

Lesson 21. Функции инфинитива

          Orthodontia                                                                                         100

Lesson 22. Самостоятельный причастный оборот

          Sources of Oral Sepsis                                                                        104

Lesson 23. Функции форм -ing forms

        Age Changes of the Teeth                                                                    107

Lesson 24. Предлоги и союзы, функции слова those

          Oral Diseases of the Elderly                                                                112

Lesson 25. Самостоятельный причастный оборот, неполные придаточные предложения,

          способы отрицания

Habits                                                                                                   116

Texts for Supplementary Reading                                                                     120

Lesson 12

Грамматика: словообразование, придаточные предложения условия и времени

Dental Caries

I. Read the following words and word combinations of the Greek and Latin origin and give their Russian equivalents:

multiplication of bacteria [,mAltipli’keiSqn qv bqk’tiqriq], process [‘prousis], enzyme system [‘enzQim], prevention and control [pri’venSn], resistance of dentin [rq’zistqns], disintegrative mechanism [dis’intigrqtiv ‘mekqnizm], initiation [I,niSi’eiSqn], oral prophylaxes [,prOfi’lqeksis]

II. Learn the following words:

concept [‘kOnsqpt] - понятие

close [klous] - близкий, тесный

to obtain [qb’tein] - получать, приобретать

foodstuffs [‘fHdstAfs] - продукты питания

to dissolve [di’zOlv] - растворять

saliva [sq’lQivq] - слюна

by means of [mJnz] - с помощью, посредством

decay [di’kei] - гниение, разложение

intermittent [,inte’mitqnt] -  прерывистый

available [q’veilqbl] - доступный, в наличии

in the absence [‘qebsqns] - при отсутствии

nutrient [‘njHtriqnt] - питательное вещество

lesion [lJZqn] - повреждение

to retard [ri’tRd] - задерживать, замедлять

deposit [di’pOzit] - отложение, осадок

to afford [q’fLd] - позволять себе

III. Read and translate the following word combinations:

close contact with the tooth surface, foodstuffs dissolved in the saliva, multiplication of bacteria, enzyme system, end-products, dental decay, availability of foodstuffs, life processes, appearance of new lesions, limited time

IV. Read and translate the words paying attention to their suffixes:

substance, intensity, effective, protection, activity, dental, growth, dissolved, completely, nourishment, availability, limited, resistance, appearance, intermittently, absence

V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the predicates in the subordinate clauses.

1. The doctor will make the diagnosis when he gets all the laboratory findings.

2. If you consult your dentist regularly you will have no dental problems.

3. Till the tooth can be treated nobody will extract it.

4. Oral therapy will include cleaning and drilling a tooth before it is filled.

5. The examination of the oral cavity will be performed by the prosthodontist when patients need dentures.

6. If no treatment is provided the teeth eventually will become too loose to be of any functional value.

7. Caries will cause toothache followed by pulpitis and alveolar abscess if it is allowed to progress untreated.

8. Endodontic treatment will not be undertaken unless the patient has a well maintained mouth.

9. Canal therapy will be necessary before the filling is done.

10. If pulpitis is untreated bacterial toxins or the products of inflammation will in time extend down the root canal and through the apical foramina to cause periodontitis.

VI. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. Если у вас заболит зуб, вам придется обратиться к стоматологу.

2. Если стоматолог осмотрит ваш зуб и решит, что его можно вылечить, он поставит пломбу.

3. Хирург удалит зуб, если его невозможно будет вылечить.

4. Перед тем как хирург удалит зуб, он введет вам обезболивающее.

5. Если вам понадобятся протезы или мосты, вам нужно будет проконсультироваться с протезистом.

6. Если вы не будете соблюдать сбалансированную диету, у вас может появиться кариес или заболевание десен.

VII. Read and translate the text.

Text A. Dental Caries

    Present concepts of dental caries indicate that bacteria in close contact with the tooth surface obtain their nourishment from foodstuffs dissolved or suspended in the saliva. This process achieved by means of enzyme systems results in the growth and multiplication of bacteria and in variety of end-products. The latter substances and perhaps the enzymes affect the tooth surfaces intermittently for varying time periods depending on the availability of foodstuffs. Dental decay cannot occur in the absence of oral bacteria or nutrients necessary for their life process. The prevention and/ or control of dental caries is achieved by increasing the resistance of the enamel and dentin to be disintegrative mechanism and by reducing the intensity of the disintegrative mechanism. Such measures can prevent the appearance of new lesions. If they are not completely effective it is possible that their use may retard, at least, the initiation of new lesions and the progress of existing ones.

    Cavities and deposits around the teeth permit the growth of bacteria and support caries cavity. Thorough oral prophylaxis and filling of all cavities afford the best protection of the dental pulp in a limited time as well as reduce the intensity of present caries activity.

VIII. Answer the questions.

1. Can bacteria in the mouth affect teeth?

2. Do oral bacteria affect teeth intermittently?

3. Where do oral bacteria get foodstuffs from?

4. Can dental decay occur in the absence of oral bacteria?

5. Do bad teeth permit the growth of bacteria?

6. What permits the growth of oral bacteria?

7. What conditions support caries activity?

8. Is thorough oral prophylaxis necessary?

9. What can reduce the intensity of caries activity?

IX. Make up questions to the underlined words.

1. Caries affects tooth surfaces.

2. Foodstuffs are dissolved in the saliva.

3. End-products affect the tooth surfaces intermittently.

4. Dental caries cannot occur in the absence of oral bacteria.

5. These measures can prevent the appearance of new lesions.

6. Cavities and deposits around the teeth permit the growth of bacteria.

7. Thorough oral prophylaxis and filling of all cavities afford the best protection to the dental pulp.

X. Translate the following word combinations:

зубной кариес; поверхность зуба; тесный контакт; получать питание; продукты питания, растворенные в слюне; рост и размножение бактерий; наличие продуктов питания; разложение (гниение) зуба; предотвращать появление новых повреждений; отложения на зубах; профилактика ротовой полости; пломбирование полостей

XI. Translate the following sentences.

1. У вашего ребенка кариес.

2. У многих детей бывает кариес.

3. Кариес зубов может появиться в любое время.

4. Бактерии, находящиеся во ротовой полости, могут поражать поверхность зубов.

5. Этот процесс ведет к росту и размножению бактерий.

6. Очень важна профилактика кариеса.

7. Эти меры эффективны.

8. Эти меры помогут замедлить появление новых повреждений.

9. Кариес не может возникнуть при отсутствии бактерий в ротовой полости.

10. Бактерии получают питание из пищевых продуктов, растворенных в слюне.

11. Такие меры могут предотвратить появление новых повреждений.

12. Этот зуб нужно запломбировать.

XII. Read the text

1. Find the sentence which is true to the text.

a. The cavities are always dark.

b. Tooth decay is always asymptomatic.

c. The main source of fluoride is water, salt and toothpaste.

d. Antidepressants increase saliva production.

2. Find the sentence which is false.

a. Abscess formation may be one of the complications of caries.

b. To prevent caries brushing the teeth and flossing between the teeth is recommended.

c. Tooth decay may be associated with poverty.

d. The bacterial breakdown of the soft tissues in the mouth is the main cause of caries.

3. Answer the question.

What are the risk factors for caries?

4. Complete the sentence.

Drugs which are considered to be the risk factors for caries are …

5. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions.

It is recommended by many to brush the teeth twice … day and floss … the teeth.

Text B. Dental caries

    Dental Caries also known as tooth decay is a breakdown of teeth due to activities of bacteria. The cavities may be a number of different colours from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating. Complications may include inflammation of the tissue around the tooth, tooth loss, and infection or abscess formation. The cause of caries is bacterial breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum). This occurs due to acid made from food debris or sugar on the tooth surface. Simple sugars in food are these bacteria primary energy source and thus a high diet in simple sugar is a risk factor. In mineral breakdown is greater than that built up from sources such as saliva, caries results. Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva such as diabetes mellitus, Sogren’s syndrome and some medications. Medications that decrease saliva production include antihistamines and antidepressants. Caries is also associated with poverty, poor cleaning of the mouth, and receding gums resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth.

    Prevention includes regular cleaning of the teeth, a diet low in sugar, and small amounts of fluoride. Brushing the teeth twice per day and flossing between the teeth once a day is recommended by many. Fluoride may be from water, salt or toothpaste among other sources. Treating a mother’s dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the number of certain bacteria. Screening can result in earlier detection.