A) For with the Infinitive Construction,

B) Objective with the Infinitive Construction,

C) Nominative with the Infinitive Construction,

D) Absolute Infinitive Construction.

Речення перекладіть.

1. They saw the substance dissolve.

2. The tendency was for the gas to become ionized.

3. We would like the reaction to be accelerated.

4. The Sellers chartered a vessel for the transportation of the goods, the lay days at the port of loading not to commence before May,20.

5. Electronic equipment is likely to find an ever growing application.

VI. Підкресліть дієприкметники, визначте їх форму. Речення перекладіть.

1. Having been warmed to zero, ice began to melt.

2. The travelled distance having been given in meters and the time in seconds, speed was measured in m.p.s that is in meters per second.

3. Substances are defined as having a definite invariant composition.

4. The problem appeared solved when parallel discoveries were made.

5. Science has opened out possibilities for the conquest of nature hardly dreamed of a few years ago.

VII. Підкресліть модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти. Речення перекладіть.

1. One should keep in mind this property of water.

2. This point must have been the centre of the mass body.

3. He was allowed to use the mobile equipment.

4. It is necessary to use a catalyst, if a reaction is to proceed more rapidly.

5. You needn’t have been concerned. All your expenses will be reimbursed.

VIII. Перекладіть, звертаючи увагу на різні типи умовних речень та на вживання Subjunctive Mood.

1. If it were necessary to increase the speed of this particular engine, it could be achieved by using a special device.

2. It is desirable that this method should be recommended.

3. If metal had been heated the electrons would have moved faster than their normal speed of motion.

4. It is of importance that the aircraft engine combine efficiency and lightness.

5. Make haste lest you should be late.

6. If you increase your order by 5 machines, we shall meet you half-way and grant a 7% discount.

7. Had it not been for a large size of this body, we should have already weighed it.

IX. Підкресліть герундій, визначте його форму. Речення перекладіть.

1. Producing oil from shale has been successfully carried out for many years.

2. They informed us of the vessel having left the port.

3. There is no hope of getting a complete analysis of the data within a few days.

4. Upon being heated to a high temperature many metallic compounds are decomposed.

5. We objected to the oil having been shipped in bulk.

X. Письмово перекладіть текст. (див. APPENDIX I)

Варіант № 5

I. Підкресліть в кожному реченні присудок та вкажіть його форму. Речення перекладіть.

1. They have used the temperature controlled system

2. They presented the mass of data necessary for effective land use planning.

3. The question I had long been wishing to ask slip out of my mind.

4. The once rich soils had turned into desert before they occupied the land.

5. We don’t mean that it symbolizes a real person.

II.Перекладіть, звертаючи увагу на правила узгодження часів.

1. Він сказав, що знає три іноземні мови.

2. Вона відповіла, що не знайшла тих документів.

3. Я запитав, в якому готелі вони зупинятся.

4. Студент сказав, що стаття, яку він зараз перекладає, важка.

5. Він запитав мене, чи піду я в кіно наступного дня.

III. a) Підкресліть присудок, визначте його видо-часову форму та стан. Речення перекладіть.

1. Several cases were studied and satisfactory results have been obtained.

2. She will be sent an invitation card.

3. Wisdom is only found in truth.

B) Напишіть речення у пасивному стані.

1. This mechanism must produce some movements.

2. We looked through the advertisements very attentively.

3. The directors are still considering your application.

IV. Підкресліть інфінітив, визначте його функцію. Речення перекладіть.

1. To understand the procedure consider the following analogy.

2. We asked them to pay for the first lot in advance.

3. There are some points to be discussed during personal meetings.

4. It was very difficult to obtain the substance in question.

5. The bill of lading is to be considered proof of the date of shipment.

V. Підкресліть інфінітивні звороти, визначте їх тип:

A) For with the Infinitive Construction,

B) Objective with the Infinitive Construction,

C) Nominative with the Infinitive Construction,

D) Absolute Infinitive Construction.

Речення перекладіть.

1. We know Newton to express the connection between force and motion in the

form of several lows.

2. Electronics is believed to begin when the valve was invented.

3. By the contract signed in August, 2004, the Sellers sold to the Buyers a quantity of timber, the goods to be shipped in two parcels.

4. During the experiment we saw the temperature fall rapidly.

5. For two molecules to react they must be in contact.

VI. Підкресліть дієприкметники, визначте їх форму. Речення перекладіть.

1. Having obtained the necessary spares we can replace the faulty parts.

2. Electrons moving through the conductor, electrical energy is generated.

3. We are going to have these letters sent by air way.

4. Protons were observed leaving various elements.

 5. Decreasing the temperature we slow down the reaction.

VII. Підкресліть модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти. Речення перекладіть.

1. The ancients did not know why amber could attract light objects.

2. The operator should have tested the trouble caused due to the conductor being overheated.

3. According to the contract the goods are to be delivered by the 30^th of September at the latest.

4. The experiment is to show the dependence of temperature on solubility.

5. You needn’t have made complicated experiments to prove it. It is a matter of common observance.

VIII. Перекладіть, звертаючи увагу на різні типи умовних речень та на вживання Subjunctive Mood.

1. If therewere no air the stone and the piece of paper would fall together.

2. It is desirable that the significance of the discovery should be taken into account.

3. If this warning had been heeded, the reaction might have taken quite a different turn.

4. It is necessary that the type of the reaction be determined.

5. They have to ship the goods a day later lest the vessel should be caught by the storm.

6. If the oil supply stops even for a moment, serious damage will result.

7. Had the road been better, we should have been there in due time.

IX. Підкресліть герундій, визначте його форму. Речення перекладіть.

1. Brown coal and lignite are used as raw materials for producing coke and chemical products.

2. The construction is far from being completed.

3. The vessel left the port without having taken sufficient bunker of coal on board.

4. We have heard of an agreement having been reached.

5. Sulphur is hardened by being mixed with copper.

X. Письмово перекладіть текст. (див. APPENDIX I)

APPENDIX I

ТЕКСТИ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ

Для спеціальності ЗЕМ:

ВАРІАНТ I

Foreign exchange market

Trade and payments across national borders require that one of the parties to the transaction contract to pay or receive funds in a foreign currency. At some stage, one party must convert domestic money into foreign money. Moreover, knowledgeable investors based in each country are aware of the opportunities of buying assets or selling debts denominated in foreign currencies when the anticipated returns are higher abroad or when the interest costs are lower. These investors also must use the foreign exchange market whenever they invest or borrow abroad.

The foreign exchange market is the largest market in the world in terms of the volume of transactions. That the volume of foreign exchange trading is many times larger than the volume of international trade and investment reflects that a distinction should be made between transactions that involve only banks and those that involve banks, individuals, and firms involved in international trade and investment.

The phenomenal explosion of activity and interest in foreign exchange markets reflects in large measure a desire for self-preservation by businesses, governments, and individuals. As the international financial system has moved increasingly toward freely floating exchange rates, currency prices have become significantly more volatile. The risks of buying and selling dollars and other currencies have increased markedly in recent years. Moreover, fluctuations in the prices of foreign currencies affect domestic economic conditions, international investment, and the success or failure of government economic policies. Governments, businesses, and individuals involved in international affairs find it is more important today then ever before to understand how foreign currencies are traded and what affects their relative values.  

ВАРІАНТ II

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

In the past, financial management was not a major concern for a business. A company used to establish relations with a local bank. The bank handled the financing and the company took care of producing and selling.

Today only a few firms operate in this way. Usually businesses have their own financial managers who work with the banks. They negotiate terms of financial transactions, compare rates among competing financial institutions. Financial management begins with the creation of a financial plan. The plan includes timing and amount of funds and the inflow and outflow of money.

The financial manager develops and controls the financial plan. He also forecasts the economic conditions, the company's revenues, expenses and profits.

The financial manager's job starts and ends with the company's objectives. He reviews them and determines the funding they require. The financial manager compares the expenses involved to the expected revenues. It helps him to predict cash flow. The available cash consists of beginning cash plus customer payments and funds from financing.

The financial manager plans a strategy to make the ending cash positive. If cash outflow exceeds cash inflow the company will run out of cash. The solution is to reduce outflows. The financial manager can trim expenses or ask the customers to pay faster.

The financial manager also chooses financing techniques. One of them is short-term financing. Another is long-term financing.

At the end of the fiscal year the financial manager reviews the company's financial status and plans the next year's financial strategy.

Basically, money or funds go into purchasing assets, paying operating expenses include the cost of materials and supplies. The manufacturer also must pay employee wages, rent or mortgage, insurance premiums and utility bills.

Some very small firms operate on a cash basis. They neither obtain credit nor borrow money. Other firms extend their resources through the use of credit. The owner of the firm invests some of his own money and has a lot more of other people's.

The business use money to buy assets like land, buildings and furnishings, and tools, machines, and equipment. The manufacturer sometimes buys them with mortgage loans which he secures by the building or the equipment itself. In other words, the bank or insurance company really owns the property until the manufacturer has paid the mortgage in full. The use of debt, or credit, increases both the assets and the income of the purchaser. The use of borrowed money to make more money is called leverage.

ВАРІАНТ III

What is promotion?

Promotion is a form of corporate communication that uses various methods to reach a targeted audience with a certain message in order to achieve specific organizational objectives. Nearly all organizations, whether for-profit or not-for-profit, in all types of industries, must engage in some form of promotion. Such efforts may range from multinational firms spending large sums on securing high profile celebrities to serve as corporate spokespersons to the owner of a one-person enterprise passing out business cards at a local businessperson’s meeting.

Like most marketing decisions, an effective promotional strategy requires the marketer understand how promotion fits with other pieces of the marketing puzzle (e.g., product, distribution, pricing, target markets). Consequently, promotion decisions should be made with an appreciation for how it affects other areas of the company. For instance, running a major advertising campaign for a new product without first assuring there will be enough inventory to meet potential demand generated by the advertising would certainly not go over well with the company’s production department (not to mention other key company executives). Thus, marketers should not work in a vacuum when making promotion decisions. Rather, the overall success of a promotional strategy requires input from others in impacted functional areas.

In addition to coordinating general promotion decisions with other business areas, individual promotions must also work together. Under the concept of Integrated Marketing Communication marketers attempt to develop a unified promotional strategy involving the coordination of many different types of promotional techniques. The key idea for the marketer who employs several promotional options to reach objectives for the product is to employ a consistent message across all options. For instance, salespeople will discuss the same benefits of a product as mentioned in television advertisements. In this way no matter how customers are exposed to a marketer’s promotional efforts they all receive the same information

ВАРІАНТ IV

History of Marketing

It is hard for many to believe, but when compared to economics, production and operations, accounting and other business areas, marketing is a relatively young discipline having emerged in the early 1900s. Prior to this time most issues that are now commonly associated with marketing were either assumed to fall within basic concepts of economics (e.g., price setting was viewed as a simple supply/demand issue), advertising (well developed by 1900), or in most cases, simply not yet explored (e.g., customer purchase behavior, importance of distribution partners).

Led by marketing scholars from several major universities, the development of marketing was in large part motivated by the need to dissect in greater detail relationships and behaviors that existed between sellers and buyers. In particular, the study of marketing led sellers to recognize that adopting certain strategies and tactics could significantly benefit the seller/buyer relationship. In the old days of marketing (before the 1950s) this often meant identifying strategies and tactics for simply selling more products and services with little regard for what customers really wanted. Often this meant companies embraced a “sell-as-much-as-we-can” philosophy with little concern for building relationships for long term.

But starting in the 1950s, companies began t see that old ways of selling were wearing thin with customers. As competition grew stiffer across most industries, organizations looked to the buyer side of the transaction for ways to improve. What they found was an emerging philosophy suggesting that the key factor in successful marketing is understanding the needs of customers. This now famous Marketing Concept suggests marketing decisions should flow from FIRST knowing the customer and what they want. Only then should an organization initiate the process of developing and marketing products and services.

The marketing concept continues to be at the root of most marketing efforts, though the concept does have its own problems (e.g., doesn’t help much with marketing new technologies) a discussion of which is beyond the scope of this tutorial. But overall, marketers have learned they can no longer limit their marketing effort to just getting customers to purchase more. They must have an indepth understanding of who their customers are and what they want.

ВАРІАНТ V