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Fill in the table below with different kinds of electronic devices and gadgets we use in everyday life. Then fill in your groupmates’ answers and compare them.Electronics in Everyday Life
Useful phrases for comparing and contrasting Contrast: on the contrary • contrarily • but • however • nevertheless • in contrast • yet • on the one hand • on the other hand • neither … nor • conversely • at the same time Comparison: similarly • likewise • analogous to • both … and • in the same way
12. Look at your list of devices in the table “Electronics in Everyday Life” How important are they in your everyday life?Give each one a score from 1(not important) to 10 (very important). Using the model below explain your choice and discuss the rating with your groupmate. Model: A: Which electronic device is the most important to you? B: I’ve put 10 points to mobile phone because It’s …. What is your highest score? A: In my opinion, mobile phone is not so important as ,,,
13. You are taking part in the international students’ project. Your task is to write the description of the device your’re testing. Include the following information: · device application; · device specification (dimensions, power supply etc.); · electrical components of the device.
UNIT 9 ELECTRONICS: TOWARD MINIATURIZATION Lead-in · What are the reasons for electronics to change so rapidly? · What do you think of miniaturization of electronic components? Why is it so important? · What electronic components will continue to miniaturize in the future? 1. Practise pronunciation of the following words and underline the stressed syllable. Translate the words into Ukrainian. Toward miniaturization, newly, Norwegian, grams, breakthrough, superseded, originating, lead, gene, undertaken, architecture, acronym, foreseeable, reduction, gallium arsenide, parallel, overall. 2. Match the following words and word combinations with their translation.
3. Read the text and write key phrases that summarise each paragraph.  ELECTRONICS: TOWARDS MINIATURIZATION І Electronics changes rapidly and the trend toward miniaturization has continued too. The range of surface mount technology (SMT) components expands daily. Mobile phones and video cameras shrink steadily in size. The newly released FXI Cotton Candy is claimed to be the smallest PC in the world. Designed by Norwegian company FXI Technologies and is about the size of a normal USB stick, 8cm x 2.5cm and 21 grams. It performs most of the functions of its larger “colleagues”, including running the Windows and Linux operating systems. But, as always, some developments that were heralded as major break-throughs, subsequently fail to live up to expectation or are superseded by later developments. Quadraphonic sound and bubble memories are two examples. Another prediction, originating decades ago, has never been fulfilled. This was the belief that the advent of computing on a wide scale would lead to the “paperless office”. Observation of the desks of most present-day offices shows that, far from reducing the amount of paper consumed, computing has increased the demand for paper. “Hard copy” has a nice safe feel to it and a development that could help to bring it about has been made. Electronic ink has recently been demonstrated as a practical proposition. Electronic ink and most other innovations in electronics are related to increasing computing power. The Blue Gene programme undertaken by IBM is aimed at producing a new computer architecture that will comfortably outperform all of today's machines. The new architecture is called SMASH, which is an acronym for Simple, MAny and Self-Healing. The system is simple because it is based on RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing (technology)) processors. These processors have only 57 instructions compared with several hundreds in a Pentium. ІІ Such are the foreseeable developments in computer architecture, but what of future developments in electronics itself? Here the most likely forecast can be summed up in three words: smaller, faster, and smarter. The more significant aspect of size reduction is the miniaturization of the components themselves, to which we have already referred. Much research is aimed at making transistors smaller than ever, with the aim of packing more and more of them on the chip. New semiconductors, such as those based on gallium arsenide, promise to give us smaller, more densely packed transistors, leading to a new phase of larger-scale integration. Small size is not the sole aim of these researches; a densely-packed circuit has shorter connections between its components, which means that signals pass from one to the other more quickly. Operating speed can be significantly increased. A parallel effect arises because smaller transistors have lower capacitance and switch states more rapidly and the power consumption is reduced as well. All of this encourages the use of microprocessors and other complex ICs in electronic systems, leading to an overall increase in “smartness” of all our electronic equipment. This trend is set to continue, and smaller-sized circuits also will be both faster and smarter and these three qualities go hand-in-hand.
4. Answer the following questions. 1.What is the smallest PC in the world? 2. What are examples of failed expectations? 3. Why is the idea of paperless office hasn’t still been fulfilled? 4. What is electronic ink and what is the purpose of its creation? 5. What does SMASH stand for? 6. What are peculiarities of RISC processors? 7. What do new gallium arsenide based semiconductors offer? 8. What do the words “…smaller, faster, and smarter…” refer to?
Exercises
1. Give the definition to the following words and word-combinations. Make up your own sentences. Miniaturization, quadraphonic sound, bubble memories, paperless office, electronic ink, computer architecture, a densely-packed circuit. 2. Translate the following into English. Зменшуватися в розмірі, технологія монтажу на поверхню, вимагати, значні прориви, виправдовувати очікування, винайдення, сучасні офіси, здійснювати, робити краще ніж хтось, багато досліджень спрямовано на, щільно, призводить до, коротші зв’язки, споживання енергії, складні інтегральні схеми. 3. Match the following words to make word combinations. Make up your own sentences.
4. Using the phrases given below agree or disagree with the statements below. Certainly, I'm afraid I can’t agree, of course, surely, as far as I know, I entirely disagree. 1. Operating speed can be meaningly increased. 2. Semiconductors based on gallium arsenide, promise to offer smaller, more densely packed transistors. 3. Much research is intended to make transistors smaller. 4. The Blue Gene programme is aimed at developing a new network architecture that will outperform all of today's machines. 5. Everyone thought that the advent of computer on a wide scale wouldn’t lead to the “paperless office”. 6. Quadraphonic sound and bubble memories failed the expectations. 7. The smallest PC in the world is about the size of a normal USB drive.
5. Fiil in the sentences with the appropriate form of phrasal verbs sum up, bring sth about, live up to. 1. It is the chairman's duty to …….. at the end of the meeting. 2. Electronics in the future will have to …….. major changes. 3. Unfortunatelly, young generation …….. (not) their parents' ideals. 4. Tomorrow I’ll deliver the full report that …….. my ideas. 5. By his own efforts, Charles Fax …….. the fall of the government. 6. The new technology that was presented by the scientist …….. (not) our expectations. 7. Our professor concluded the lecture by …….. . 8. This site …….. the technology news and doesn’t deal with scientific papers. 6. Using the table below open the brackets and make as many Conditional sentences (Type III) as possible.
7. Read the situations below. Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form. 1. I am sorry that you do not read English novels; if you (to read) them, I (to lend) you some very interesting ones. 2. You say that you did not read yesterday’s news; if you (to read) them, you (to see) the announcement of Professor Spenser’s coming to our university. 3. He is not ill: if he (to be) ill, he (not to play) tennis so much. 4. He was not ill last week: if he (to be) ill, he (not to take) part in the seminar. 5.I am glad I was able to attend the lecture yesterday. You (to be) displeased if I (not to come)? 6. Stop working and let's go inside: it is too dark. If the evening (not to be) so dark, we (to continue) the work. 7. I don't believe you: you only say that you want to know languages. If you (to be) really interested in languages, you (to study) them.
8. Read the sentences below. Make Conditional sentences. 1. Не is busy and does not come to see us. If ... 2. The student did not study well last year and received bad marks. If ... 3. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If ... 4. I had a bad headache yesterday, that's why I did not come to see you. If ... 5. I was expecting my friend to come, that's why I could not go to the university with you. If ... 6. He always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and he works a lot at it. If ... 7. I did not translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary. If ... 8. The box was so heavy that I could not carry it. That's why I took a taxi. If ... 9. Open the brackets using the correct form of conditional after I wish. 1. I wish I (to consult) the lecturer when I first felt that physics was too difficult for me. 2. I wish I (not to lend) Nick my watch: he has broken it. 3. I wish you (to send) an email as soon as you arrive. 4. I wish I (not to have) to do my homework every day. 5. I wish I (to know) Spanish. 6. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night. Don't you wish you (to see) that performance before?
10. Paraphrase the following sentences using I wish. Model: It's a pity you are not here. I wish vou were here. 1. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the examination. 2. It's a pity you are not with us these days. 3. It's a pity we won't be able to finish the experiment before the deadline. 4. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 5. What a pity you don't know enough physics! 6. My friend regrets not having entered the university. 7. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his test paper. 8. It's a pity that you did not call us last night.
11. Write an essay summarizing and describing new future trends in electronics and related sciences. UNIT 10 ELECTRONICS IN THE FUTURE Lead-in · What up-to-date electronic gadgets do you know? Which of them would you like to have? · What will be electronics look like in 100 years? · What fields of science will electronics influence most?
1. Practise pronunciation of the following words and underline the stressed syllable. Translate the words into Ukrainian. Sulphide, phenylenevinylene, no doubt, light, eventually, analogous, feasible, chemically, program (v), formerly, fulfilled, whatever, contribution.
2. Memorize the following words and word combinations. Make up your own examples.
3. Read the text. What advances in electronics does the author describe? ELECTRONICS IN THE FUTURE
At present, the semiconductors in use in electronics are elements (silicon, germanium) or inorganic compounds (cadmium sulphide, gallium arsenide). Now the semiconducting properties of some of the organic compounds are under investigation. For example, it has been shown that a film of phenylenevinylene emits a greenish yellow light when a p.d. of 1.5 V is applied across it. This organic LED has very low efficiency, but research is showing ways of increasing this. Advances in this field will no doubt lead to the discovery of new organic semiconductors and eventually to a range of components based on this new technology. Another branch of electronic research seeks to produce the smallest possible components, consisting of single molecules. The behaviour of certain kinds of molecules is analogous to the behaviour of semiconductor materials. It is feasible that we could design and build molecules that will perform the same functions as transistors and other semiconducting devices. Molecular electronics, as it is called, would allow circuits to be made very much smaller than is possible with techniques for fabricating integrated circuits from semiconductors. One line of research is aimed at producing chemically assembled electronic nanocomputers, or CAENs. Electron electronics is the name given to the technology of devices that operate using single electrons. These could be the smallest and the fastest of all future components. Not only would they be fast, but they would permit the highest possible density of data storage. There will also be many problems to overcome — how to connect the single-electron devices together, and how to interface them to the outside world. Now that microprocessors and microcontrollers are so versatile and cheap, the design and testing of a new system is easy. If there is a function to be performed and there is no IC ready-made to perform it, take a general-purpose microcontroller, equip it with the necessary electronic sensors and output devices, then program it to perform that function. Once this stratum of electronic circuit design has been reached, there is less need for new circuit designs and new ICs. Software is taking over many of the functions formerly fulfilled by complex electronic circuits. For example, instead of using capacitors and inductors to build an audio filter, we can perform the same task by letting a computer or microcontroller operate in real time on the digitized audio signal, and with superior performance. It seems that the principal contribution of electronics in the foreseeable future will be to provide the means for building up massive computing power. But, whatever the future holds, it is clear that electronics will continue to play a major part in all of our lives.
4. Answer the following questions. 1. What is an example of organic component? 2. How can organic components be advanced? 3. What will the smallest possible components consist of? 4. What does molecular electronics study? 5. How is the branch of electronics that studies devices that operate using single electrons called? 6. How can you use general-purpose microcontroller to perform the neede function? 7. How does the software substitute formerly fulfilled tasks? 8. What will be the principal future contribution of electronics? Exercises 1. Match the definition with the terms.
2. Translate the following word combinations into English. Неорганічні сполуки, напівпровідникові властивості, випромінювати зеленувато жовте світло, низька ефективність, без сумніву, зрештою, одиничні молекули, долати проблеми, одноелектронні пристрої, загального призначення, пристрої виводу, досягати, оцифрований аудіо сигнал, вища продуктивність, грати важливу роль. 3. Match ech word (1-7) to two of the following words to make word partnerships. Make up sentences.
4. Find the words in the text that have the similar meaning. better, operate, allow, composition, research, rising, probable, methods, manufacture, join.
5. Choose an adverb to replace the underlined part of each sentence. apparently • frankly • generally • luckily • naturally • personally • typically • unbelievably Model: It is regrettable that we can't offer you a place on the course. Sadly ... 1. As might be expected, I did what I could make them feel at home. 2. I've heard, but I'm not sure it's true that this component is going to be made with single elentron. 3. It is extremely surprising, but I scientists created CAEN. 4. To say what I really think, I don't know what I'd have done without him. 5. In most circumstances, an overdose of this size is fatal. 6. In my opinion, I think our government is to blame for the decline in scientific research. 7. It is fortunate that John didn't hurt himself when there was a short circuit. 8. On average, it takes years to develop more miniaturized component.
6. Translate the following using I wish. Compare the sentences. 1. а) Шкода, що він такий легковажний. б) Шкода, що він не досить серйозний. 2. а) Я тепер шкодую, що не послухав його поради. б) Я тепер шкодую, що прислухався до його поради. 3. а) Шкода, що ви прийшли так пізно. б) Шкода, що ви не прийшли раніше. 4. а) Шкода, що ми пішли до його приходу. б) Шкода, що ми не дочекалися його приходу. 5. а) На жаль, вони ще нічого не знають. б) На жаль, вони вже знають про це.
7. Fiil in the modal verbs can, may, must or need. Translate the sentences into Ukrai nian. 1. Sam … return the book as we all want to read it. 2. Why ... not you understand it? It is so easy! 3. ... the experiment be done at once? — Yes, it ... done at once. 4. You ... not have bought this component: we have erything for this IC. 5. ... I download datasheets at this site? — Yes, please. 6. When … the electrician wear protective gloves? 7. Shall I write an e-mail to him? — No, you … it is not necessary. 8. Everything is clear and you … not go into details now. 8. Translate the following using: · must/may/might/can’t + V · must/may/might/can’t + be+Ving · must/may/might/can’t + have+V3/ed 1. Вони, напевно, працюють за кордоном. 2. Вони, можливо, працюють за кордоном. 3. Можливо, вони й працюють за кордоном (хоча навряд чи). 4. Не може бути, що вони працюють за кордоом. 5. Вони, напевно, працювали за кордоном. 6. Вони, можливо, працювали за кордоном. 7. Можливо, вони й працювали за кордоном (хоча навряд чи). 8. Не може бути, що вони працювали за кордоном.
9. Read the text. Open the brackets and put the correct form of the verb. The accidental discovery of a graphene-like material with semiconductive properties …..( bring) graphene-based electronics one step closer. The amazing properties of graphene ….. (make) it a likely candidate to spur on the next revolution in electronics. Graphene, the one-atom-thick layer of carbon ….. (structure) in a honeycomb lattice, is the strongest material ….. (know) to man (200 times stronger than structural steel) and ….. (have) the best electrical conductivity. Silicon-based microchips ….. (double) in processing speed and memory capacity approximately every two years ….. (make) electronic devices ever faster, cheaper and smaller – but now the technology ….. (reach) its physical limits. Scientists ….. (look into) graphene ….. (replace) the ubiquitous silicon but the research is still in its laboratorial phase. Manufacturing costs are still prohibitively high and it is difficult ….. (control) the flow of electrons. Graphene can act as conductor or insulator but not as a semiconductor. 10. Translate the following into English. Сучасна електроніка та комп’ютерна техніка розвивається високими темпами. Змінюється елементна база, розробляються нові технології проектування та розробки електронних пристроїв з використанням потужної обчислювальної техніки, спеціального програмного та інформаційного забезпечення. Визначилася перспективна тенденція застосування цифрової електроніки в різних за призначенням електронних системах, що вимагає наявність фахівців з електроніки, які повинні забезпечувати кваліфіковане обслуговування сучасної електронної техніки і мати достатню кваліфікацію, теоретичну підготовку, практичні навички володіння сучасними технологіями та елементною базою для створення конкурентоздатної електронної та комп’ютерної апаратури.
11. Fill in the table and write what has changed in electronics since the end of 19th century. Use the Internet to find the answers. Then compare and discuss the results with your groupmate.
12. Using the information from the table in Ex. 11, complete the dialogue below. Act it with your partner. "The Future Advances in Electronics”
A: I see your point. If ther were the possibility, ……………………... . |
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