Read and translate the text, speak on the sphere of application of personal computers.

Application of Personal Computers

PCs have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.

Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are exciting hobby. All hobbyists need to be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure.

The list of other home and hobby applications of the PCs is almost endless, including: checking account management, budgeting, personal finance, playing, investment, analyses, home environment and climate control, maintenance of address, etc.

Word processing. At home or at work application software called a word processing program, enables us to correct or modify any document in any manner we want before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences move paragraphs around and replace the words. The letter or document can be stored on a diskette for future use.

Professional. The category of professional includes persons making use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultant, lawyer, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modeling program most widely used by professionals. It can be used for scheduling, planning and the examination of “What if” situations.

Educational. PCs are having and will continue to have a profound influence upon the classroom affecting both the leaner and the teacher. Two important types of use for personal computers in education are computer-managed instructions (CMI) and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities such as record keeping, work assignments, testing and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, computer literacy, programming languages, etc.

Notes

1. word processing                              обробка тексту

2. appliance                                          пристрій

3. maintenance                                     підтримка, експлуатація

4. application software                        прикладні програми

5. to delete                                  видаляти

6. to move paragraphs around                      міняти місцями програми

7. accountant                                        бухгалтер

8. accounting                                   бухгалтерський облік

9. income tax                                        податок на прибуток

10. stock market forecasting                біржовий прогноз

11. worksheet                                       електронна таблиця

12. scheduling                                      складання розкладу графіка

13. computer-assisted instructions (CAI)      комп’ютерні команди

14. record keeping                                регістрація, ведення записів

15. grading                                  оцінювання

16. by far                                    безумовно

17. desktop system                              інтерактивна система

18. suit                                                 підходити, відповідати

Find in the text English equivalents of the following Ukrainian word combinations.

Любителі, тим не менше, безкінечний перелік, багато сфер застосування, збереження адрес, виправляти помилки в написанні, податковий консультант, переставляти абзаци, складати розклад, користуватися популярністю, можливості комп’ютера, аналіз інвестицій, прикладні програми, юристи, брокери на біржі, працівники освіти, комп’ютерне моделювання, чинити великий вплив, комп’ютерна грамотність, моделювання реально-життєвих ситуацій, оцінювання, машинна освіта, регістрація.

Answer the questions.

1. What are the main spheres of PC application? 2. Do you enjoy computer games? 3. Is it necessary for a person to be an analyst or programmer to play computer games? 4. What other home and hobby applications, except computer games, can you name? 5. What is a “Word processing program”? 6. What possibilities can it gave you? 7. What changes in the typed text can you make using a display? 8. What professions are in great need of computers? 9. How can computers be used in education?

Speak on the sphere of application of personal computers.

UNIT 6

UNDERSTANDING ELECTRONICS

Lead-in

· What electronic components do you know?

· What is the smallest electronic component?

· What electronic components do you use when working with ciruitcs?

 1.  Practise pronunciation of the following words and underline the stressed syllable. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

Industry, science, vacuum tube, diode, circuit, circuit board , nonlinear, components, control, possible, signal, processing, electro-mechanical, generation, conversion, motor, relay, passive, leads, particular, discretely, array, treat, rely, inductors, valve, to increase, increase, lossless, lossy, prototypical, non-ideal.

 2. Memorize the following words and word combinations. Make up your own examples.

 3. Read the text. State what electronic components are being described.

Understanding Electronics

I

Electronics is one of the largest and fastest growing industries. It is the branch of science and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ІСs). The nonlinear behaviour of these components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible, and is usually applied to information and signal processing. Electronics differs from electrical and electro-mechanical science and technology, which deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms using wires, motors, generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers, resistors and other passive components.

An electronic component is a basic electronic element and may be available in a discrete form having two or more electrical terminals (or leads). These are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, in order to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor integrated circuits or thick film devices. The following list of electronic components focuses on the discrete version of these components, treating such packages as components in their own right.

II

When it is necessary to describe electronic components they are usually classified as passive or active. Passive components are ones which cannot introduce net energy into the circuit they are connected to. They also cannot rely on a source of power except for what is available from the circuit they are connected to. As a consequence they are unable to amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may well increase a voltage or current such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit. Among passive components are familiar two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and most sorts of diodes.

 In contrast, active components rely on a source of energy and are usually able to inject power into a circuit although this is not part of the definition. This includes amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves) and tunnel diodes.

Passive components can be further divided into lossless and lossy components. Lossless components do not have a net power flow into or out of the component. This would include ideal capacitors, inductors, transformers, and the (theoretical) gyrator. Lossy components do not have that property and generally absorb power from the external circuit over time. The prototypical example is the resistor. In practice all non-ideal passive components are at least a little lossy, but these are typically modeled in circuit analysis as consisting of an ideal lossless component with an attached resistor to account for the loss.

 4. Answer the following questions:

1. What are basic electronic components?

2. How can electronic components be classified?

 3. What does PCB stand for? 4. What are passive components?

5. How does electronics differ from electrical and electro-mechanical science and technology?

6. What is the difference between lossless and lossy components?

7. What components do not have a net power flow into or out of the component?

8. To what group of components does the resistor refer?

Exercises

 1. State to what part of speech do the following words belong. Underline the common features of these words.

Possible, motor, mechanical, distribution, transformer, together, lossless, loss, generator, generation, electrical, discretely, receiver, oscillator, usually, rely on, typically, property, information, distribution, prototypical.

 2. Determine which of the following words are terms. Explain the terms in your own words.

External, practice, components, modeled, increase, create, generation, nonlinear, ability, element, available, introduce, except for, two-terminal, flow, consisting, connected, consequence.

 3. Match adjectives in column A with the nouns in column B to make terminological word combinations:

 4. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian. Make up your own sentences:

Інтегральні схеми, мати справу з чимось, що включають, обробка інорфмації, нелінійна поведінка, слабкі сигнали, реле, перемикачі, основний (базовий) електронний елемент, бути з’єднаним разом, особлива функція, матриці, резонансний контур, мережі, джерело живлення, доступний, друкована плата, електронна схема, окрім, посилювати, двополюсний, конденсатор, електронна лампа, схожий, на практиці.

 5. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. Translate the sentences into Ukraininan.

1. Practically, all ……… passive components are at least a little ……… . 2. Basic ……… ……… may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor ……… ……… or ……… ……… ……… . 3. We are familiar with two-terminal components such as ……… , ……… , ……… , and most sorts of ……… . 4. What amplifying components do you know? 5. ……… components do not have a ……… into or out of the component. 6. ………  of weak signals is possible due to ………  of components and their ability to control electron flows. 7. Traditionally this principle can be applied to ……… and ………. 8. Any electronic component is also known as a ……… electronic element. 9. An electronic component may be available in a ……… form having two or more electrical ……… (or leads). 10. When it is necessary to describe electronic components they are usually classified as ……… or ……… .

 6. You’ve attended the presentation of an American lecturer Mr. Hammerton. Change the notes below into Indirect statements and tell your partner about his presentation.

Mr. Hammerton said:

ü “Electronics is one of the largest and fastest growing industries.”

ü “An electronic component is a basic electronic element and may be available in a discrete form having two or more electrical terminals (or leads).”

ü “Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely.”

ü “Passive components are ones which cannot introduce net energy into the circuit they are connected to.”

ü “Among passive components are familiar two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and most sorts of diodes.”

ü “Active components rely on a source of energy and are usually able to inject power into a circuit although this is not part of the definition.”

ü “In practice all non-ideal passive components are at least a little lossy.”

 7.  Change wh-questions from Direct Speech into Indirect Speech. Start your sentences with the words in brackets.

1. Where did Mr. Jameson put the results of the test? (I forgot...) 2. Who has designed you this integrated ciruit ? (She wanted to know...) 3. Where can I buy components for this device? (He asked me...) 4. How long will it take you to conduct the experiment? (He wondered...) 5. Where is he going? (He didn't tell anybody...) 6. Where has he gone? (Did you know...) 7. Where is professor Haterick? (Did you know...) 8. When is he graduating from the university? (I wanted to know...) 9. When does the meeting start? (Nobody knew...) 10. When will professor Addison come back from his academic trip? (She asked them...) 11. Where did you buy this old vacuum tube? (He wanted to know...) 12. How much did he pay for it? (I had no idea...)

 8. Fill in the table below with the correct adverbial modifiers of time. When you transform sentences from Direct Speech into Indirect Speech remember to change adverbial modifiers of time.

 9. Change Direct commands into Indirect. 

Model:  Keep quiet! Don’t make noise! – He told me (He asked me) to keep quiet and not to make noise.

1. The student said to the lecturer: "Explain the equation one more time, please." 2. Director said to his secretary: "Send the letter to our partners and give a report on their answer." 3. "Please help me with soldering, Henry," said Rob­ert. 4. "Please give me some more examples of your solution," he said to the employee. 5. "Don't worry over such a small thing and come here tomorrow." said professor Smith.  6. I said to Mike: "Send me the test results as soon as you receive them." 7. The lecturer said to them: "Don't mix passive and active components." 8. "Take my luggage to Room 145," he said to the porter. 9. He said to me: "Call me to­morrow ." 10. "Bring me a list of the books we’ll need in this term," she said to her groupmate. 11. "Don't be late for classes," said the deputy dean. 12. Jane said to us: "Please tell me all you know about it." 13. She said to Nick: "Please don't say anything about it to your sister."

 10. Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs say, tell, talk, speak.  If necessary, see Appendix of this guide .

1. Don't …….. him about our plans. 2. Mr. Brown waited for an answer, but she didn't …….. a word. 3. He …….. that he would wait for me in the lab. 4. The director …….. us that he was going to buy a new equipment. 5. Do you …….. English? 6. Mike, we need to …….. . 7. To …….. you the truth, I don't remember anything. 8. Did your colleague …….. at the conference? 9. Do you know how to …….. good-bye in Polish? 10. We spent the whole class …….. about new trends in electronics. 11. Can you …….. me the time? 12. My watch …….. ten o'clock. 13. It is often …….. that history repeats itself. 14. I can't …….. the difference between these resistors. 15. It goes without …….. that he should pay his debt in full. 16. We should …….. him out of going there. 17. …….. for yourself. I have a different opinion. 18. I'd like to …….. it over with my research advisor before making a decision. 19. Please …….. up. I can't hear you. 20. Don't …….. back to your teachers!

11.  Practise reading the dialogue In a University Café with your groupmate. Transform Direct statements into Indirect ones. Learn the dialogue by heart.

In a University Café

James:   Hi, my name’s James!

Tag:      Hi James, I’m Tag. Are you a new student here?

James:   Yes, I had my first lesson this morning. How long have you been studying here?

Tag:               I've been here for two years, I’m sophomore.

James:   Two years. That's a long time.

Tag:               It's not so long really. How is everything going?

James:   Ah! That’s pretty difficult. Can you help me?

Tag:               Yes, I think so. What’s the problem?

James:   I’m confused with that lossless and lossy components.

Tag:               Actually, lossless and lossy components are passive components.

James:   Well, and what are the examples of Lossless components?

Tag:       Lossless components include ideal capacitors, inductors, transformers etc.

James:   I see. And a lossy one is a resistor?

Tag:      Yes, that’s right! Is that now clear?

James:   Yes, thank you so much!

Tag:      Never mind, feel free to ask me any time you’ll need. Bye!

James:   See you!

 12.  Write a plan to the text “Understanding Electronics”. Using your plan tell your partner about basic electronic components.

UNIT 7