Объем дисциплины и виды учебной работы

Содержание курса «Философия»

Тема I. Философия, ее предмет, структура и функции

Основные определения философии. Мировоззрение как социокультурный феномен и субъективная реальность. Исторические типы мировоззрения. Причины и механизм смены типов мировоззрения. Предмет философии. Философия как специальный тип теоретизирования и способ самоидентификации человека в мире. Основные концепции возникновения философии. Структура философского знания: метафизика, онтология, гносеология, аксиология. Философические дисциплины: философская антропология, этика, эстетика, религиоведение. Основные философские школы и направления: материализм, идеализм, деизм, пантеизм, дуализм, экзистенциализм, прагматизм, позитивизм, фрейдизм, неотомизм. Философский монизм. Иррационалистические школы философии. Взаимодействие философии с наукой, искусством, религией. Философия и экономика. Философия и политика. Философия и религия. Философия и искусство. Философия и естествознание. Философия и социально-гуманитарные науки. Основные функции философии: мировоззренческая, логико-методологическая, аксиологическая.

Тема 2. История философии

(Лекция в интерактивной форме: рефераты студентов по конкретным философским работам, их обсуждения, дискуссии, встречи с ведущими специалистами, участие в сайтах, порталах по тематике, просмотр и обсуждение фильмов, телепередач и т.д.)

2.1. Человек и абсолют в восточной философии.

Древнеиндийская философия: чарвака, джайнизм, буддизм. Философские школы в древнем Китае: конфуцианство, даосизм. Человек в философии и культуре Востока. Поиск сокровенного смысла бытия. Философия как учение о воспитании человека и управления обществом.

2.2. Космоцентрическая философия Древней Греции и Древнего Рима. Учение о бытии милетских мыслителей. Диалектика Гераклита, элейцев и пифагорейцев. Демокрит. Платон. Аристотель. Проблемы человека и общества, нравственных и правовых норм в философии киников, стоиков и эпикурейцев. Лукреций Кар. Цицерон. Сенека. Неоплатонизм. Античная система воспитания и философия.

2.3. Теоцентризм средневекового мышления. Идея творения и идея откровения. Креационизм. Христианская концепция истории. Средневековая арабо-мусульманская философия. Христианство и ислам о происхождении и природе человека. Божественная предопределенность судьбы и свобода выбора. Христианские и мусульманские утопии. Средневековые представления о роли философии и религии в обучении и воспитании. Натурфилософия Возрождения. Антропоцентризм. Пантеизм и гелиоцентризм. Утверждение силы и безграничности разума. Культ красоты. Свобода воли. Гуманизм Возрождения о воспитании гармоничного человека.

2.4.Механистическая картина мироустройства в философии Нового времени. Научная революция XVII века и механистическая картина мира. Проблема метода познания в философии (Ф.Бэкон и Р.Декарт). Эмпиризм и рационализм. Учение о субстанции (Б.Спиноза). Законы жизни Т.Гоббса. Идея равенства (Ж.Ж.Руссо). Идея социального прогресса. Концепция детерминизма. Концепции «искусственного человека» и новые идеи воспитания (Ламетри, Вольтер, Дидро).

2.5. Классическая немецкая философия. Критика познавательной способности субъекта и границ теоретического разума. Априоризм способности познания и "категорический императив" (И.Кант). Тождество мышления и бытия в наукоучении Фихте. Натурфилософия Шеллинга. Идея тождества понятия и предмета в философии "абсолютного идеализма" Георга Вильгельма Фридриха Гегеля. Антропологический материализм Л.Фейербаха. Разработка материалистической диалектики К.Марксом и Ф.Энгельсом, их отношение к диалектике Г.В.Ф.Гегеля. Судьба марксизма в России.

2.6. Отечественная философия. Русская философия XI – XVII веков. Влияние Византии. Практически-нравственная ориентация русской философии. Славянофилы и западники. Философия В.С.Соловьева. Тема свободы, творчества, божественного ничто и Бога в философии Н.А.Бердяева. Федор Михайлович Достоевский, Николай Федорович Федоров, Василий Васильевич Розанов, Павел Александрович Флоренский, Иван Александрович Ильин. Русская философия о духовности человечества и его воспитании. Рационализм и иррационализм в русской философии.

Мифы, общественно-политические, эстетические, этические, религиозные взгляды и философия народов России.

2.7.Современная философия как мировоззрение и как методология. Иррационализм А.Шопенгауэра. Интуитивизм А.Бергсона. Философия воли к власти Ф.Ницше. Экзистенциализм М.Хайдеггера, Ж.П.Сартра, А.Камю, К.Ясперса. Феноменология Э.Гуссерля. Герменевтика. Различие наук о природе, обществе, человеке и о его душе. Интерпретация Г.Г.Гадамером понимания как реализации традиций, языка и образования. Позитивизм О.Конта, Э.Маха и Р.Авенариуса. Постпозитивизм: К.Поппер, И.Лакатос, П.Фейерабенд, Т.Кун. Лингвистический позитивизм: язык как форма жизнедеятельности. Методологические проблемы мышления и языка, понимания и выражения мыслей. Прагматизм. Неотомизм. Неофрейдизм. Марксизм в нашей стране и за рубежом в ХХ веке.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

Тема 3. Материальные основы мироздания. Метафизика и онтология

Метафизика как мировоззрение и метод. Категории «бытие», небытие», «ничто». Бытие и субстанция. Единство и многообразие форм бытия. Соотношения порядка и хаоса. Проблема структуры и иерархии форм бытия. Бытие и разум. Рационалистические и иррационалистические трактовки бытия. Специфика социального бытия. Понятие «идеальное бытие». Онтология и антропология. Материя как фундаментальная философская категория. Развитие представлений о материи. Философское и естественнонаучное представление о материи. Материалистическая и идеалистическая трактовки материи. Специфика диалектико-материалистического понимания материи. Материализм как ценностно-мировоззренческая ориентация. Проблема единства мира. Атрибуты материи и ее всеобщие свойства. Движение. Взаимодействие материи и движения. Пространство и время как универсальные формы бытия материи. Современное естествознание о материальных основах мира. Взаимовлияние естествознания и социально-гуманитарных наук в области познания природного, социального и духовного бытия.