Task 10.  Make a short summary of the text. Use the following word -   

   combinations:

        very old plant

    for life and health

    to protect the fields

    to plant trees

    to give harmony

    to have many trees

Text “The branches of biology”

    One of the basic aims of biology is to offer useful and technically- feasible applications of discoveries in biology for the benefit of the natural world. The field of biology today, is so broad that it has been divided into main subunits.

   As biologists open the world of biology by research, new branches continue to discovered.

       Under the title of biology wecan examine the main subunits.

1. Zoology for example, is the study of animals. However, the animal kingdom has many members. For this reason zoologists sub classify animals in the following way.

2. The study botany deals with members of the plant kingdom. It examines the structures, functions, growth and differentiations in plants.

3. Anatomy is the study of the inner organs of the body.

  Anatomy analyses organs and the differentiations in their tissues. It is also concerned with the functions and structures of each organ. Anatomy is highly important in medicine as by this knowledge physicians can perform beneficial physical and low- risk operations in hospitals.

4. Morphology is a science, which concentrates on the outward appearance of individuals.

5. Histology is the study of tissues, their structures, functions and sub compartments.

6. Physiology: is the integration of anatomy and histology. Physiology is concerned with how tissue, organs and system function.

7. Embryology studies the developmental patterns of organisms from zygote to birth.

8. Cytology is the study of cells. Cytologists analyze the structure and metabolism of cells, particularly when their function is disrupted by disease.

9. Taxonomy is the study of the classification of living organisms. Taxonomists try to sort animals and plants into logical groups so that organisms with the same characteristics are put together.

10.  Ecology is the science, which studies the relationship of living organisms between each other and their environment.

11.  Genetics is the study of how genetic information is passed to offspring from their parents and of what determines the transfer of genetic information. 

GENETICS:                                                      EVOLUTIONARY
The Study of                                                               BIOLOGY:

 inheritance                      ANATOMY:                Study of

                                          Study of                          The origin and

                                       internal Structures history of life

ZOOLOGY:                  PHYSIOLOGY:        BOTANY:

The Study of                   Study of                  The Study

 animals                           Functions of                of plants

                                        Living systems

ETHOLOGY:           EMBRYOLOGY:        TAXONOMY:

   Study of                      Study of                                Study of

 animal behavior         development                   Classification,

                                      in embryos                   identification and

                                                                               naming of species

HISTOLOGY:              
Study of                                                                   MORPHOLOGY:

 Animal tissues                                                      Study of

                                                                                     External form
                      

                                    BIOLOGY      

CELL BIOLOGY:                                                  ECOLOGY:

Study of                                                             Study of 

Cell Structures                                               Interactions between

and functions                                               organisms and

                                                                         their environment

MICROBIOLOGY:

The Study

microscopic life

                               MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:

                                          Study of Life

                                     on the level of

                                     Molecular activity

Task 1. Read the international words and guess their meaning.    

  Biology, natural, technical, biologist, zoology, botany, natural, ecology, structure, organ, medicine, anatomy, classification, logical.

Task 2. Memorize the following derivatives.

technical

physical

special

structural

development

integration

Task 3. Write the following nouns in plural:

organ, cell, plant, animal, group, function, branch, subunit, member.

 Task 4. Form the adjectives from the following nouns:

     biology, base, structure, function, anatomy, genetics.

 Task 5. Give the Past indefinite of the following verbs:

to be, to study, to try, to pass, can, to have.

Task 6. Read the text. Find sentences with the following word

     combinations and give the Kazakh (Russian) equivalents.

1. the basic aims of biology

2. the main subunits

3. the animal kingdom

4. the natural world

5. the study of animals

6. to analyze organs

7. the study of cells

 Task 7. Answer the questions on the text.

      1. What is the zoology?

    2. What does botany study?

    3. What is anatomy?             

    4. What is histology?

     5. What does ecology study?

Task 8. Complete the sentences.   

    1.Zoology is the study….

    2.The study of botany deals … .

3.Anatomy is the study… .

4.Morphology is … .

5.Ecology is … .

Task 9. Make a short summary of the text. Use the following word -   

   combinations:

the study of the inner organs

the integration of anatomy

the study of tissues

the study of the classification of living organisms

Text “Charles Robert Darwin”

         Charles Robert Darwin, English naturalist and author, was born on February 12, 1809.his father was a distinguished physician. After attending school Darwin spent two years at Edinburgh University in the study of medicine but found he had no aptitude for it. In 1817 he enrolled at Cambridge University. He devoted himself to the study of natural history. This was his road to fame. In 1825 he was appointed naturalist to a naval vessel, then about to sail on an extended surveying expedition. Darwin came home with rich stores of knowledge.

  He returned convinced that man and all the living creatures on earth today are related. All of them descended from one or a very few simple forms of life. Charles Darwin was the first who made this discovery. His theory of evolution explains how new kinds of creatures have developed. Darwin dwelt on his theory in a book called “On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”, published in 1859. The learnt world was waiting for the book. It went through printing after printing, and it is still being reprinted now, a century later.

  In his book Darwin defined Natural Selection as the preservation of favorable individual differences and variations and the destruction of those which are injurious.

     How do some species survive and how do others become extinct? How have species changed? The answer Darwin gave was that in the world of nature there is a ceaseless struggle for life. One wild animal preys on another and all living things compete for food, water and shelter. It is the strongest, fastest and hardiest creature or plant that survives. The weak perish. As the generations pass, all creatures develop new and different variations. These variations help creatures to obtain food they need and to avoid destruction by their enemies.

Darwin described the process of evolutionary struggle as “natural selection”.

    Darwin received many honours from learned society in Great Britain and on the continent. He died at Down, England, April 19, 1882.

     Darwin was buried in Westminster Abbey, among England’s heroes and near Newton and Faraday. However this burial in Westminster Abbey was the only honour ever granted him by ultra respectable government of Great Britain under Queen Victoria.

Task 1. Read the international words and guess their meaning.

      Naturalist, history, theory, form, evolution, selection, individual, continent.

Task 2. Write the following nouns in plural:

 creature, plant, enemy, honour, form, generation, thing,

Task3. Form the adjectives from the following nouns:

medicine, nature, history, evolution, respect, favour