Answer the following questions.

1. What roads are included in Class I roads? (1) 2. Why are Class I roads called arterial roads? (1) 3. What work in roadmaking in Great Britain was done in the 1950s? (2). 4. What roads were built in Great Britain in the 1950s? (2). 5. Why should two carriage-ways be set at a distance? (3) 6. What is the width of London-Birmingham road? (3) 7. What method of road building is used in thinly populated tropical countries with dry climate? (4) 8. What must a motorist do to be allow­ed to use high-speed motorways? (5) 9. When was Europe's first auto­mobile tunnel under the Alps opened? (6) 10. What was the inside of the tunnel lined with? (6) 11. How many cars a year are expected to use this tunnel? (7)

CHECKLIST

 “MEANS OF TRANSPORT”

EASY

1.: Tick ( ) the one that is right.

The history of transport ### divided into two stages..

    : is

    : to be

2: Tick ( ) the one that is right.

1. The word "transport" ### to carry people or goods from place to place..

    : meaning

    : means

      : tomean

      : meat

3:Выберите из правой колонки английские слова, соответствующие русским эквивалентам в правой колонке. 

L1: pack animals

L2:lorries

L3: steamboats

L4: atomic ice-breaker

R1: атомныйледокол

R2: вьючные животные

R3: пароход

R4: грузовики

MORE DIFFICULT

    1: Tick ( ) the one that is right.

There were two problems ### solved.

: to be

: is

: being

: are

2: Tick ( ) the one that is right.

 The next step was the ### of pack animals for carrying goods..

: using

: uses

: use

: touse

2:Найдите соответствующий русский эквивалент данному предложению.    

As they moved from place to place they had to carry their goods themselves.

:Так как они постоянно кочевали, они должны были возить свои вещи с собой.

:Так как они передвигались с места на место, они должны были возить свои вещи с собой.

: Так как они передвигались с места на место, им было хорошо.

:Так как они постоянно кочевали, они возили свои вещи с собой.

THE MOST DIFFICULT

1: Put the words in the right order to make up the sentence.

1. What are

2. of air transport

3. the advan­tages?

2: Put the words in the right order to make up the sentence.

    1. What

    2. of an aircraft

    3. the cost

    4. increases?

3: Put the words in the right order to make up the sentence.

1. The industrial countries

2. by ships

3. which were carried

4.  to all parts of the world

5.  of goods

6. produced great quantities

4: Put the words in the right order to make up the sentence.

1. The raft made

2. the earliest type of boat.

3. of logs of wood

4. is supposed to be

PART VI

HEAVY EQUIPMENT:

TYPES OF EXCAVATORS

TEXT I

Excavators

Fig. 6.1. Excavator

I. Read and translate the text using the words given below:

Excavators (Fig.6.1) are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors. Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators.

Excavators are also called diggers, JCBs (a proprietary name, in an example of a generic trademark), mechanical shovels, or 360-degree excavators (sometimes abbreviated simply to 360). Tracked excavators are sometimes called "trackhoes" by analogy to the backhoe. In the UK, wheeled excavators are sometimes known as "rubber ducks."

Excavators are used in many ways:

Digging of trenches, holes, foundations

Material handling

Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments

Forestry work

Demolition

General grading/landscaping

Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes

Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining

River dredging

Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver

Excavators come in a wide variety of sizes. The smaller ones are called mini or compact excavators. Caterpillar's smallest mini-excavator weighs 2,060 pounds (930 kg) and has 13 hp; their largest model is the largest excavator available (formally the Orenstein & Koppel RH400) the CAT 6090, it weighs in excess of 2,160,510 pounds (979,990 kg), has 4500 hp and has a bucket size of around 52.0 mі depending on bucket fitted.

Engines in excavators drive hydraulic pumps; there are usually 3 pumps: the two main pumps are for supplying oil at high pressure (up to 5000 psi) for the rams, swing motor, track motors, and accessories, and the third is a lower pressure (700 psi) pump for Pilot Control, this circuit used for the control of the pool valves, this allows for a reduced effort required when operating the controls.

The two main sections of an excavator are the undercarriage and the house. The undercarriage includes the blade (if fitted), tracks, track frame, and final drives, which have a hydraulic motor and gearing providing the drive to the individual tracks, and the house includes the operator cab, counterweight, engine, fuel and hydraulic oil tanks. The house attaches to the undercarriage by way of a center pin, allowing the machine to slew 360° unhindered.

The main boom attaches to the house, and can be one of several different configurations:

Most are mono booms: these have no movement apart from straight up and down.

Some others have a knuckle boom which can also move left and right in line with the machine.

Another option is a hinge at the base of the boom allowing it to hydraulically pivot up to 180° independent to the house; however, this is generally available only to compact excavators.

There are also triple-articulated booms (TAB).

Attached to the end of the boom is the stick (or dipper arm). The stick provides the digging force needed to pull the bucket through the ground. The stick length is optional depending whether reach (longer stick) or break-out power (shorter stick) is required.

On the end of the stick is usually a bucket. A wide, large capacity (mud) bucket with a straight cutting edge is used for cleanup and levelling or where the material to be dug is soft, and teeth are not required. A general purpose (GP) bucket is generally smaller, stronger, and has hardened side cutters and teeth used to break through hard ground and rocks. Buckets have numerous shapes and sizes for various applications. There are also many other attachments which are available to be attached to the excavator for boring, ripping, crushing, cutting, lifting, etc.

Before the 1990s, all excavators had a long or conventional counterweight that hung off the rear of the machine to provide more digging force and lifting capacity. This became a nuisance when working in confined areas. In 1993 Yanmar launched the world's first Zero Tail Swing excavator, which allows the counterweight to stay inside the width of the tracks as it slews, thus being safer and more user friendly when used in a confined space. This type of machine is now widely used throughout the world.

There are two main types of "Control" configuration generally use in excavators to control the boom and bucket, both of which spread the four main digging controls between two x-y joysticks. This allows a skilled operator to control all four functions simultaneously. The most popular configuration in the US is the SAE controls configuration while in other parts of the world, the ISO control configuration is more common. Some manufacturers such as Takeuchi have switches that allow the operator to select which control configuration to use.

Hydraulic excavator capabilities have expanded far beyond excavation tasks with buckets. With the advent of hydraulic-powered attachments such as a breaker, a grapple or an auger, the excavator is frequently used in many applications other than excavation. Many excavators feature a quick coupler for simplified attachment mounting, increasing the machine's utilization on the jobsite. Excavators are usually employed together with loaders and bulldozers. Most wheeled, compact and some medium-sized (11 to 18-tonne) excavators have a backfill (or dozer) blade. This is a horizontal bulldozer-like blade attached to the undercarriage and is used for levelling and pushing removed material back into a hole.

II. Learn the vocabulary to the text:

House – корпус, отсек

Boom – стрела подъёмного крана или механической лопаты, укосина крана, стрела экскаватора

Stick – механическая коробка передач, ручка управления

Bucket – черпак, ковш экскаватора

Undercarriage – ходовая часть экскаватора

Cable-operated – с тросовым приводом

Winch – лебёдка, стальная катушка, соединённая с приводом для наматывания и сматывания каната

Backhoe – рычаг обратной копки экскаватора с обратной лопатой

Hydraulicattachment – накладная головка (вспомогательная деталь)

Generalgrading – общее выравнивание, профилирование грунта

Piledriver – сваебойное средство, копровая установка

Swingmotor – гидромотор поворотной платформы экскаватора

Spoolvalve – золотниковый клапан

Blade – нож, отвал (рабочая часть землеройных машин)

Trackframe – корпус гусеницы, рама гусеницы, гусеничная балка

Centerpin – ось, центрирующий штифт

Triple-articulatedboom – трёхколенчатая стрела подъёмного крана

Dipperarm – рукоять стрелы экскаватора

Auger – бур, сверло

Coupler – соединительная муфта, шатун, хомут

Backfillblade – нож для обратной засыпки

III. Give the English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Кабина машиниста на экскаваторе, стальной трос, паровой экскаватор, одноковшовый экскаватор типа прямая лопата, односторонний запуск, видовой товарный знак, колёсный экскаватор, резиновая ткань для ремня (ременной передачи), загрузка (разгрузка) материалов, расчистка от кустарников, лесные работы, уничтожение, ландшафтная архитектура, открытая разработка, дноуглубительные работы, гусеничный мини-экскаватор, конечная передача, балласт крана, быстро поворачиваться или крутиться, свободный, автоманипулятор, петля или крюк, задняя часть машины, ограниченная площадь, рычаг управления, грейфер.

IV. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Heavy construction equipment, hydraulic cylinder, mode of operation, rotating platform, by analogy to, a proprietary name, digger, heavy lift, wide variety of sizes, reduced effort, to be of different configurations, the digging force, hard ground, various applications, boring, lifting capacity, hydraulic-powered attachment, supplying oil, break-out power, straight cutting edge, ripping, width of the track, to be frequently used, jobsite, medium-sized.

V. Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1. What are excavators?

2. What does a cable-operated excavator use winch and steel ropes for?

3. Can you explain the difference between a hydraulic excavator and a cable-operated excavator?

4. How are excavators also called?

5. In what ways are excavators used? Enumerate them.

6. There are excavators of many sizes, aren’t they?

7. Describe the work of the engines in excavators.

8. Do you know two main sections of an excavator? What do they include?

9. What is the function of the stick?

10. What is used for cleanup and leveling?

11. Tell some words about the history of excavators.

12. Can you name the most popular configuration in the US?

13. Where is the excavator used?

VI. Complete the sentences:

1. An excavator consists of …

2. The undercarriage comprises…

3. Excavators are also called…

4. The stick is used for…

5. The function of the bucket is…

6. There are…pumps in the engine of an excavator.

7. Excavators are used for…