Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the translation of Passive constructions.

1.Special kinds of equipment for developing African countries have been produced by one of the Ural building plants. 2. He was asked to take part in the expedition last week. 3.The building of the theatre is being reconstructed. 4. The work will be performed in due time. 5. My friend was glad to have been given such an interesting book to read. 6. The experiment was very important and it was being watched with great attention. 7. The Urals is known as a region of the greatest mineral resources. 8. The growth of heavy industry is always paid great atten­tion to.

.

А) Find a noun in each row.

1. a) developing, b)development , c) developed, d) develop

2. a) provide, b) providing, £)) provision, d) provided

3. a) attend , b)'attention, c) attentive, d) attending

4. a) knowledge, b) smaller, c) know, d) knows

5. a) better, b)keep, c) keeper d) kept

6. a)finder, b) finding, c) finds, d) harder

7. a) build, b) better, c) built, d) builder

8. а) behavior b) therefore, c) until, d) think

9. a) possible, b) other, c) throw, d) influence

10. a) quite, b)way, c) equip, d) later

Б) Find an adjective in each row.

1. a) probably, b) property, с) probable, d) properly

2. a) suddenly, b) different, c) degree, d) during

3. a) excellent, b) member, c) enough, d) explanation

4. a) dangerous, b) danger, c) determine, d) discovery.    

5. a) changes, b) consideration, c) consist, d) changeable

6. a)decision, b) decide, c) decisive d) divide

7. a) possible b)probably c) opportunity, d) provide

8. a) simplicity, b) shake c) scientific d) schedule

9. a) production, b) productive, c) produce, d) provision

10. a) attends, b) admission, c) achievement, d) attentive

Read and learn the dialogue by heart.

Keep to the left.

By G. C. Thornley

A street in an English town. A policeman stops a car. In the car there is a visitor from another country.

Policeman: (holding up his hand) Stop!

Visitor: (in the car) What's the matter? -

Policeman: Why are you driving on the right side of the road?

Visitor: Do you want me to drive on the wrong side?                                                                         

Policeman: You are driving on the wrong side.

Visitor: You said that I was driving on the right side.

Policeman: That's right. You're on the right, and that's wrong.

Visitor: A strange country! If right is wrong, I'm right when I'm on the wrong side. So why did you stop me?

Policeman: My dear sir, you must keep to the left. The right side is the left.

Visitor: It's like a looking-glass! I'll try to remem­ber. Well, I want to go to Bellwood. Will you kindly tell me the way?

Policeman: Certainly. At the end of this road, turn left.

Visitor: Now let me think. Turn left! In England left is right, and right is wrong. Am I right? Policeman: You'll be right if you turn left. But if you turn right, you'll be wrong.

Visitor: Thank you. It's as clear as daylight.

Crossword

Give English equivalents and fill in the squares.

По горизонтали: 1. автомобиль; 2. далеко; 4. поворачивать; 5. плавать; 6. и; 7. палатка; 10. очень; 11. моложе; 12. останавливаться; 16.рука (от кисти до плеча); 17. горшок; 19. вы; 22. нос.

По вертикали: 3. шляпа; 5. начинать; 8.прошедшее время от глагола “towin”; 9. каждый, всякий; 13. причастие прошедшего времени от глагола “todo”; 14. отрицание «не»; 15. марка; 18. пытаться; 20. или; 21. один; 23. молодой; 24. сокращенное обозначение словосочетания «после полудня»; 25. к.

TEXT III

Water transport.

Read and translate the text.

Water transport.

1. One of the most important things about water transport is the small effort needed to move floating craft. A heavy boat or a barge weighing several tons can be moved through the water, slowly but stea­dily, by one man. An airplane of the same weight as the barge needs engines of 1,000 horse-power or more in order to fly.

2. The raft made of logs of wood is supposed to be the earliest type of boat.

Rafts seem to be clumsy vessels, although the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl and his five companions in 1947 made a voyage on the raft Kon-Tikifrom Peru to Tuamotu Islands — a distance of 4,500 miles.

3. We know the water transport in ancient times to have been de­veloping most rapidly on great rivers. The ancient Romans used vessels to carry their armies and supplies to colonies. These ships, usually called galleys, continued to be used in the Mediterranean till 1750.

4. The introduction of the magnetic compass allowed long voyages to be made with much greater safety. At the end of the 15th century, sailing vessels are known to have carried men from Europe to America and round Africa to India.

The middle of the 19th century proved to be the highest point in the development of sailing ships.

5. Steam and Motor Ships.— One of the earliest steamboats is known to have been tested at the end of the 18th century. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, 98-foot ship built at New York, which made the crossing in 1819. Like all the early steamships, it had sails as well as paddles. By the middle of the 19th century it became possible to build much larger ships for iron and steel began to replace timber.

6. The rapid increase in the size and power of ships was promoted by the industrial revolution. The industrial countries produced great quantities of goods which were carried to all parts of the world by ships. On their return voyages, the ships brought either raw materials such as cotton, metals or timber for the factories, or grain and foodstuffs for the growing population.

During the same period, a great deal was done to improve ports, and that permitted larger ships to use them and to make loading and unloading more quickly.

7. Improvements introduced in the 20th century included the smooth­er and more efficient type of engines called steam turbines and the use of oil fuel instead of coal. Between 1910 and 1920 the diesel engine began to be introduced in ships. These diesel-engine ships are called motor ships. The largest ships, however, are still generally driven by steam turbines. In the late 1950s a few ships were being built which were equipped with nuclear reactors for producing steam.

8. In 1957 the world's first atomic ice-breaker was launched in Le­ningrad.This atomic ice-breaker is equipped with an atomic engine owing to which her operating on negligible quantities of nuclear fuel is possible. In spite of the capacity of her engine being 44,000 h.p. it will need only a few grams of atomic fuel a week.

The atomic ice-breaker has three nuclear reactors. The operation of the nuclear reactor is accompanied by powerful radiation. Therefore, the ice-breaker is equipped with reliable means of protection. The ice­breaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters.

9. CanalTransport — Sea-going ships can use some rivers, such as the Thames in England, the Rhine, and the Volga in Europe and the Mississippi in the United States. Generally, however, a river has to be "canalized" before ships can use it. This means widening and deepening the channel and protecting its banks so that they do not wash away and block the river with mud.

10. We find the British canals to be quite narrow and shallow. The canals in Europe are much larger than those in Great Britain

France has a big network of canals, centered on Paris, and linking ports of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and English Channel³ coasts with each other and with other countries.

In the USSR canals large enough to be used by ships link Moscow with Leningrad on the Baltic Sea. Other Soviet canals run between the White Sea and the Baltic, and between the Don and the Volga riv­ers.

Note to the text:

1. paddle — гребноеколесо

2. motor ship — теплоход

3. the English Channel — Ла-Манш

Answer the questions.

1. What is the most important thing about water transport? 2. What is the distance covered by Kon-Tiki? 3. What did the Romans use their vessels for? 4. Until what century were galleys used? 5. What made the long voyages safer? 6. What century is the highest point in the development of sailing ships? 7. When did the first steamship cross the Atlantic? 8. What made it possible to built larger ships in the middle of the 19th century? 9. In what way did the industrial revolution in­fluence the size and power of ships? 10. What changes in ports took place during the industrial revolution? 11. What improvements in the type of engines were introduced during the 20th century? 12. How is diesel-engine ship called? When were they introduced? 13. What types of ships were introduced in 1950s? 14. How much fuel a week does the atomic ice-breaker need? 15. What is the operation of nuclear reactor accompanied by? 16. What kind of work must be carried out before sea­going ships can use rivers? 17. What city is the center of the network of the canals in France? 18. Can sea-going ships use the canal linking Moscow with Leningrad?

Insert the meaning words.

1. What ... is to be used for this engine? 2. Aluminium can easily ... iron in many cases. 3. Therefore ... measures were taken. 4. Is the road between the two villages ...? 5. Cotton was among other ... mate­rials imported to the country. 6. They have developed a new reliable means of ... against radiation. 7. They are designing a new car of a great­er ... . 8. Even ... changes could lead to the accident. 9. This street is rather narrow. It needs ... . 10. ... is often spoken about as the one of (he best structural materials. 11. ... up-to-date equipment new experi­ments could be made in the laboratory. 12. You look very thin, how much do you ...? 13. They walked ... it got dark. 14. Let us go, I ... he is waiting for us there. 15. This ship is supposed to carry ... of food to theisland. 16. It was clear he could ... nothing. 17. He worked hard, and he ... very tired. 18. The ship was ... south. 19. How much did a ... boat weigh? 20. Hewasverytiredandwaswalking....

4. a) Find the antonyms of the first word in every row..

1. negligible a) internal, b) previous, с) considerable, d) permanent

2. slowly a) chiefly, b) directly, c) rather, d) quickly

3. narrow a) flat, b) wide, c) shallow, d) advanced

4. a few a) wrong, b) enough, c) else, d) one

5. to load a) to operate, b) to design, c) to unload, d) to develop

6. shortage a) plenty, b) protection, c) establishment, d) significance

7. to repair a) to cross, b) to damage, c) to test, d) to widen

8. the same a) a few, b) recent, c) main, d) different

9. weakness a) capacity, b) strength, c) century, d) provision

10. simple a) complicated, b) reliable, c) successful, d) major

11. gradually a) unfortunately, b) probably, c) at once, d) scarcely

12. small a) valuable, b) rapid, c) main, d) huge