Translate the following sentences without dictionary paying attention to underlined words.

1. a) An aircraft with engine trouble must land, b) We didn't get to town until late at night because there was serious engine trouble in our car. c) Cars with troubles of this sort are easily repaired at every service station, d) Stoppage of fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine.

2. a) The bombers were quickly converted for use by passengers by fitting extra seats and windows, b) Have you got an extra ticket? c) On Sundays they run an extra train, d) People who work and study get extra leave during examination time.

3. a) After World War II, bigger and faster airliners were introduced.

b) If you can get a ticket for the fast train, you'll get there in time.

c) Which of you runs faster? d) The plane is the fastest means of tran­sport.

4. a) Helicopters gain in needing very little space for taking-off and landing, b) Comrade Petrov gained a lot from his trip to the north of our country, c) By reading this journal you'll gain a lot of important information on the research going on in this field.

5. a) Air transport cannot be relied upon for regular services in places or seasons with low clouds and mist, b) The temperature is very low today, you should put on warm clothes, c) Low hills were covered with green grass and flowers, d) The picture hangs too low, move it up a little.

Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the conjunctions of Conditional sentencesif, unless, provided.

If they needed the equipment urgently, it would be sent by plane. 2. The accent would not have happened, if they had been more care-full. 3.If Iwere in his place, 1 should refuse to stop the experiment. 4. If the goods are shipped in April, they will arrive before the expedi­tion starts. 5. The sputnik will keep to its orbit provided it travels at the uniform speed of 8 kilometers per second. 6. It would have been impossible to send up sputniks unless the laws governing the motion of planets had been studied. 7. We shall carry out our production planengines. 10. If computers had not been out, many important problems would not have been solved. 11. If he did not know how to operate the new device, I should explain it to him.

8. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. If we had repaired the engine yesterday, we should have left the town before sunrise. 2.He asked me if we had repaired the engine. 3. The chief engineer asked me if we could make the design more efficient. 4. He did not remember whether he had informed everybody of the new test. 5. He was not main whether the new system would work well. 6. The results of the experiment would have been much better if he had used the new equipment. 7. The expert was interested if the speed of the car had been brought up to its maximum. 8. The members of the delegation asked if the old methods of production had been changed. 9. The quality of the goods produced by the plant would be improved if the old methods of production were changed. 10. The captain of the ship didn't know if he would be able to pass his ship through that oldand narrow canal. 11. If you had taken some precautions we should not have found ourselves in such a difficult situation now; almost no fuel left and some 100 km between us and the nearest station.12. It's a pity we didn't have enough time to discuss the plan in detail before it was put into operation. Had we pointed out all the drawbacks, we should have found ways to solve the problem. 13. Unfortunately there are no cars available at the moment. Had you told us that your mission is so urgent we should have left a car for you. 14. The apparatus would weigh less provided in some parts plastic were used instead of steel. Then its transporting would be facilitated and it would arrive at your plant without delay. 15. The designer of a bridge should be very careful. Un­less all his calculations are reliable the bridge may collapse. 16. How soon will you be able to repair the road? If it isn't repaired by tomorrow we'll have to change the route and try to approach the town from the North. 17. The committee is expected to meet tomorrow. If they decide that the new rules for traffic safety should be introduced, they will be put into practice by October. 18. If the construction of the canal is started as it is agreed upon in April, it will be well under way by Sep­tember. 19. Had the goods been sent by aircraft they would have already reached you on Monday.

 

Find in every row the word making up from the first word of the row.

1. science a) steadily, b) scarcely, с)scientist, d) site

2. land a) among, b)-landing, c) last, d) later

3. simple a) steamer, b) side, c)simplicity, d) shift

4. determine a)-determiner, b) discovery, c) education, d) decision

5. ordinary a) obtain, b) outside, c) often, d)extraordinary         

6. furnish a) offer, b) furnishing, c) turn, d) though

7. discover a)discovery, b) determine, c) degree, d) development

8. refuse a) research, b) receiver, c)refusal, d) requirement

9. soon a) closer, b)sooner, c) else, d) once

10. steady a) simple, b) carry, c) safely, d)steadily

11. through a) throw, b) thought, c)throughout, d) therefore  

12. world a) work, b)worldly, c) way, d) weak

13. steam a) speed, b) safety, c) state, d)steamer

14. sand a) send, b)sandstone, c) safety, d) side

15. experience a) exercise, b) example, c) essential, d)experienced

16. dry a)drily, b) drive, c) during, d) deep

17. safe a) state, b) site, c)safety, d) sand

18. clay c)clayey, b) coal, c) call, d) course

19. achieve a) another, b)achievement, c) according, d) attend

TEXT V

Road and tunnels.

Read and translate the text.

Road and tunnels.

1. British roads are classified in three groups. The arterial roads, so called because they might be compared to the arteries in the human body, are known as A or Class I roads. The arterial roads include the principal roads radiating from London to far parts of the country, and many roads joining big cities. The second group of classified roads consists of Вor Class II roads which are a little less important than Aroads. Last comes a third group, which has no official name. Each road of the first two classes, A and B, has a different number, which appears on all signposts, so that a motor driver can find his way across Britain if he has previously looked up the number on a map.

2. The crowded state of the British roads caused many accidents and delays even before World War II and became much worse after­wards. For some years little was done to tackle the problem apart from widening the roads in places and making by-pass roads around towns to avoid traffic jams in busy streets. In the late 1950s a program was begun for building some 400 miles of motorways in the form of a network over the country, the chief ones radiating from London to the industrial areas in South Wales, the Midlands, and Lancashire. These modern double-track highways are being built with fly-over junctions and crossings and will in time form part of a system of motorways run­ning right across Europe.

3. A motorway is usually designed with two carriage-ways, one for traffic in each direction. These should be at least 30 feet apart to avoid the vision of drivers being dazzled by the lights of vehicles coming the other way. The two carriage-ways needn't run side by side. A width of 24 feet between kerbs usually gives ample room for passing, but some roads are wider, for example the London-Birmingham motorway is 36 feet wide. At all cross-roads there are fly-over or clover-leaf cros­sings.

4. In thinly populated tropical countries, where the earth is dry and sandy, roads to carry occasional traffic can be made quite cheaply. The soil is turned over and mixed with a small quantity of cement, watered, and finally rolled, after which it has quite a good hard surface.

5.In many countries there are high-speed motorways, like the Ger­man "autobahnen" or Italian "autostrade". They are usually fenced in, and motorists are admitted to them only at special gates where they pay a toll. Once inside, they can travel at 80 or 90 miles an hour, for there are hardly any junctions, and no slow moving traffic is allowed.

6. Europe's first automobile tunnel under the Alps — the 3.4-mile Great St. Bernard Tunnel between Italy and Switzerland — was offi­cially opened to traffic on the 19 March 1969. The tunnel was under construction slightly over five years and cost about 38 million dollars. Actual digging starting from both sides was under way from February 1959 to April 1961. Some 1,650 tons of explosives were used to excavate more than a million cubic yards of rock. The project also required 44,000 tons of steel for use in the construction of walls and road-bed, and 165,000 tons of reinforced concrete for lining the inside of the tunnel. The tun­nel has a two-line road-bed 24 ft. wide and 14 ft. 9 in. high. Leading up to it on both sides are several miles of approaches built on concrete stilts and roofed with concrete to protect the roads from snow and ava­lanches and make them useable throughout the year. Up to now the Great St. Bernard Pass has been closed much of the year by snow.

7. More than 30,000 cars a year are expected to use the tunnel. Tolls range from 2.10 dollars to 4.65 depending on the engine, size of the car and the number of passengers. There are 12 other important tunnels under the Alps in central Europe all for rail traffic. Soon a second Alpine motor tunnel will be ready. It will connect Italy and France under Mont Blanc.