Задание 5. Определите лингвистический и переводоведческий статус выделенных слов. Изучите и прокомментируйте приведенные переводческие решения.

ANALYSIS

The instantaneous input of a large quantity of energy in an infinitesimally small volume of a gaseous medium produces a strong shock wave front with a flowfield as described by the classical blast wave analysis.

Мгновенное выделение большого количества энергии в бесконечно малом объеме газообразной среды приводит к образованию сильной ударной волны, поле течения за которой описывается классической теорией сильного взрыва.

These profiles also agree with experimentally determined wave motions presented in the previous analysis.

Эти профили также хорошо согласуются с картиной волнового движения, определенной на основе экспериментальных данных, представленных в предыдущих работах.

CONCEPT

Concepts from non-linear functional analysis were used as the basis for formulating aerodynamic moment systems.

Методы нелинейного функционального анализа использовались при формировании систем аеродинамических моментов.

The steam-air desulfurization process is presently the simplest and cheapest concept from the coal.

Процесс паро-воздушного обессеривания в настоящее время является самым простым и дешевым способом удаления органической серы из угля.

CONTEXT

Applications of these filters have been proposed in many different engineering contexts.

Фильтры этого класса находят широкое применение в самых различных инженерных задачах.

As discussed in the context of adaptation, the retina has temporal response characteristics as well as special and spectral ones.

Как отмечалось при обсуждении вопроса об адаптации, сетчатка имеет временные, пространственные и спектральные характеристики.

DOCUMENT(ED)

The multi-layer hybrid stress flat plate element has been well documented in Refs. (3), (4). Aside from imaging, optical holography has many applications and the field is well documented (3)-(8).

Разнородный плоский многослойный элемент под напряжением подробно рассмотрен в работах (3), (4).

These limits are very fully documented in the manufacturers data sheets.

Предельно допустимые значения таких величин указываютсяизготовителями в паспортах приборов.

EXOTIC

But companies expect to follow these memories with more exotic variations built on new configurations and possibly new materials.

Но руководители фирм рассчитывают продолжить усовер­шенст­во­ва­ние этих ЗУ и создать необычные варианты с новыми конфигурациями и, возможно, на новых материалах.

Some of the more exotic single chip implementations of complex functions are to be found at the session on solid-state imaging.

О некоторых еще более своеобразных однокристальных конструк­циях для выполнения сложных функций можно было услышать на засе­да­ниях, посвященных биомедицинской технике.

HISTORY (HISTORICAL, HISTORICALLY)

Case History 2 covers combustion catalyst application on oil.

В примере 2 описывается методика введения катализатора горения в жидкое топливо.

Figures 1 and 2 show the control angle and the radial distance histories as functions of the nondimensional time.

На рис.1 и 2 приведены графики угла управления и радиального расстояния в виде функций безразмерного времени.

All forecasts project a partial recovery to historical values of growth as the economy recovers.

Согласно прогнозам, сложившиеся темпы роста потребления электроэнергии будут частично восстанавливаться по мере улучшения общего состояния экономики.

Historically, the first use of ancillary data was in the training process.

Впервые вспомогательные данные были применены в процессе обучения.

Historically, this experiment was manually operated with the data recorded on a printer.

Ранее этот эксперимент проводился вручную с записью данных на печатающем устройстве.

PRACTICAL

Nevertheless, the approach of Fig.10-3 is far more practical for core circuits.

Тем не менее при построении логической системы на магнитных элементах целесообразно использовать структуру, представленную на рис. 10–3.

A rigorous analysis of the shape stability is clearly not practical in general.

Ясно, что в общем случае не имеет смысла применять строгий анализ устойчивости формы.

STRATEGY

Strategies for sharing out the capacity and methods for evaluation are then examined in the context of this linear model.

Методы распределения пропускной способности и их оценки будут рассмотрены на примере этой линейной модели.

Relatively complex elaborations of these various strategies have been implemented, differing both in economics and in assumptions about the psychology of the prospective user.

Существуют сравнительно более сложные варианты описанных здесь приемов, различающихся по трудоемкости и по оценкам психологии пользователя.

Задание 6. Переведите следующие предложения.

1. Thus the results presented here are based on a more refined analysis.

2. The analyses are not in agreement with each other, and, in some cases, conflict with observations.

3. The scanning system, which is described in detail elsewhere (1), is quite simple in concept.

4. In addition to an executive summary, the concept development reports will include volumes dealing with technical considerations.

5. In the present context, it is only necessary to point out some of these distinguishing features.

6. Generally, in any practical context, we are restricted to a finite number of projections.

7. Similar observations have also been made in the context of speech signals and X-ray crystallography.

8. The purpose of this paper is to document the methods used to collect the data and to review briefly the results obtained.

9. Aside from imaging, optical holography has many applications and the field is well documented (3)–(8).

10. Several exotic linear integrated circuits have been designed for special applications.

11. This increases testing flexibility, needed for some of the new microprocessor chips with their very exotic timing schemes.

12. Long history of testing has resulted in the use of certain commonly accepted stress levels for such tests.

13. The appendices 1, 2 and 3 provide a historical sketch of earlier work on the scattering of radiation from plasmas.

14. The future growth in electricity consumption will be considerable below historical trends of 7 percent per year.

15. The overall goal of the current research project is to develop practical, standalone digital computers.

16. Furthermore, the implementation does not seem to be very practical.

17. Process standardization for the sake of reliability improvement may well be a desirable strategy.

18. There are many possible elaborations and embellishments of this basic strategy.

Задание 7. Определите предметную область, к которой относятся следующие термины и подберите их русские соответствия с учетом данных контекстов.

Carrier

1.1. At its most basic level, an aircraft carrier is simply a ship outfitted with a flight deck – a runway area for launching and landing airplanes.

1.2. Carrier proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport of substances out of or into the cell (e.g. diffusion of sugars, amino acids and nucleosides, uptake of glucose, transportation of salts, glucose, amino acids, etc.).

1.3. Any couple questioning whether a gestational carrier is right for them needs to spend some time with a trained professional who understands the physiology of human reproduction and is capable of answering questions.

1.4. X-linked recessive diseases affect only males, with women being symptom-free carriers of a genetic defect, passed onto their male children.

1.5. MRV Communications Inc., today announced the Fiber Driver EM316T1E1-XY, the second in a family of next-generation optical media converters with multiple operating modes to meet the needs of evolving carrier networks.

Operation

2.1. You can find some answers to questions on surgeons, operations and types of surgery on Royal College of Surgeons website section.

2.2. A joint U.S.-Afghan military operation has begun in the troubled Helmand province against Taliban fighters who have vowed to disrupt the August 20 presidential election.

2.3. Instances over the years have shown that though sting operations do expose corruption in some cases, sometimes they seriously violate the rules of journalism in the pursuit of profit and short-term sensationalism.

2.4. Direct access to some of these structures is necessary for even the most primitive operations, while others reside at a much lower level.

2.5. Events that occur by operation of law do so because courts have determined over time that the rights thus created or transferred represent what the intent of the party would have been, had they thought about the situation in advance.

Treatment

3.1. The Ministry has therefore decided that it is, on balance, best to retain the current framework of income tax treatment for individuals who sell their properties.

3.2. It is safe to assume that outpatient treatment for the individual who is addicted is not a preferred choice of treatment and has a high probability of continued use, relapse and failure.

3.3. Views toward crime, criminals, punishment, and treatment are shaped by social forces, which differ across nations.

3.4. Lenntech provides water treatment solutions for all type of applications, from domestic equipment to industrial turnkey plants up to 5000 m3/day.

3.5. Treatment by this method uses various chemicals to destabilize, de-emulsify, or absorb into the oil phase of a metal removal fluid, thereby allowing the water and oil phases to separate.

Value

4.1. The function f of the example is real-valued, since each and every possible function value is real.

4.2. An immediate value is stored as part of the instruction which employs it, usually to load into, add to, or subtract from, a register.

4.3. Each colour in the Munsell colour model differs in value from top to bottom in equal perception steps.

4.4. The setting forth in express terms of what is “value” in the context of commercial transactions was a bold step forward by the drafters of the UCC, since the jurisdictional distinctions as to value made certain transaction valid in one state and invalid in another.

4.5. These authors believe that advertising and marketing can be standardised across cultures, and the same values can be used to persuade customers to buy or consume the product.

 Задание 8. Подберите английские и русские соответствия следующим латинизмам и сокращениям.

a posteriori (of an argument); a priori; conditio sine qua non; ergo; ibidem (ib, ibid); in situ; in vitro; per se; proviso; sic! ; status quo; sui generis; via; e.g. (exempli gratia); i.e. (id est) ; A.D. (Anno Domini); B.C.

 Задание  9. Определите переводческие проблемы, сформулируйте стратегию перевода и выполните полный письменный перевод следующего текста.

Electron-Atom Collisions

Ian E. McCarthy The Flinders University of South Australia

Eric Weigold Australian National University

The detailed study of the motion of electrons in the field of a nucleus has been made possible by quite recent developments in experimental and calculational techniques. Historically it is one of the newest of sciences. Yet conceptually and logically it is very close to the earliest beginnings of physics. Its fascination lies in the fact that it its possible to probe deeper into the dynamics of this system than of any other because there are no serious difficulties in the observation of sufficiently-resolved quantum states or in the understanding of the elementary two-body interaction.

The utility of the study is two-fold. First the understanding of the collisions of electrons with single-nucleus electronic systems is essential to understanding of many astrophysical and terrestrial systems, among the latter being the upper atmosphere, lasers and plasmas. Perhaps more important is its use for developing and sharpening experimental and calculational techniques which do not require much further development for the study of the electronic properties of multinucleus systems in the fields of molecular chemistry and biology and of condensed-matter physics.

For many years after Galileo’s discovery of the basic kinematic law of conservation of momentum, and his understanding of the interconversion of kinetic and potential energy in some terrestrial systems, there was only one system in which the dynamic details were understood. This was the gravitational two-body system, whose understanding depended on Newton’s discovery of the 1/r law governing the potential energy. By understanding the dynamics we mean keeping track of all relevant energy and momentum changes in the system and being able to predict them accurately.

For the next 250 years Newton’s dynamics of force was applied with incomplete success to many incompletely-observed systems. At the same time an understanding of the relationship of momentum, energy, space and time was developed by Maupertius, Euler and Lagrange. The understanding of process involving the production and absorption of bosons began with Maxwell’s equations, although their significance in this sense was not realized until Einstein’s development of the photon concept. Atomic and nuclear physics were born at the same instant, the discovery of the nucleus by Rutherford (1911).