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The Possessive Case. Притяжательный падеж




В притяжательном падеже употребляются: 1) имена собственные и одушевленные существительные;   2) составные существительные и мена, состоящие из нескольких слов;   3) два лица или более, обладатели одного предмета;   4) группа слов, представляющих одно смысловое целое;   5) слова house, office, shopчасто опускаются после существительного в притяжательном падеже;   6) существительные, обозначающие:   а) время и расстояние;     б) страны, города, суда, а также слова world, country, city, ship;     в) названия времен года и месяцев     г) некоторые наречия     д) с названиями магазинов, отелей, ресторанов, в которых есть имена их основателей;   е) в некоторых устойчивых словосочетаниях. Jane’s friend, Mr. Smith’s car, the student’s test, the girls’ names, the students’ papers, women’s clothes, Dickens’s [iz]/ Dickens’ [iz]books, Shakespeare’s plays = the plays of Shakespeare; sister-in-law’s marriage the Prince of Wales’s family Henry the Eighth’s wives Jack and Susan’s wedding Bill and Tom’s bicycle My younger sister Ada’s daughter at my friend’s, at my aunt’s = at my friend’s/aunt’s house at the baker’s = at the baker’s shop a month’s holiday, a mile’s distance, in two years’ time, ten days’ rest America’s students, London’s theatres, the ship’s crew, the country’s policy, the world’s championship, the city’s parks winter’s/summer’s holidays (but: spring flowers, autumn weather). April’s days yesterday’s newspaper, today’s talks, tomorrow’s meeting Selfridge’s, Claridge’s, Sotheby’s also: Harrods, Foyles at a stone’s throw – в двух шагах for order’s sake – порядка ради

Ex. 1. Write the plural form of the following.

a) regular nouns

story, play, glass, flag, photo, name, match, knife, push, chief, page, radio, roof, prize, set, key, factory, wolf, piano, class, cup, city

b) irregular nouns

child, goose, man, foot, mouse, woman, sheep, person, deer, tooth, OX

c) nouns of Greek or Latin origin

datum, formula, crisis, stimulus, phenomenon, medium, memorandum, basis, radius

d) compound nouns

fellow-worker, merry-go-round, man-of-war, passer-by, lily-of-the-valley.

Ex. 2. Divide the following words into two columns: countable and uncountable nouns (you must get 25 uncountable nouns).

furniture, coffee, leaf, food, completer, list, blood, job, work, language, country, advice, information, money, progress, permit, permission, baggage, language, beach, traffic, weather, window, knowledge, air, water, holiday, damage, accommodation, scenery, scene, pigeon, bread, mountain, luck, news, accident, laugh, flour, laughter.

Ex. 3. Put the verbs into singular or plural.

1. The water in this lake … (look) very clean.

2. Maths … (not interest) me very much.

3. All of our furniture … (be) brand new.

4. Sugar … (damage) your teeth.

5. The news they brought us … (be) good.

6. Your trousers … (not match) your shirt.

7. The team … (be) his favorite game.

8. Knowledge of other languages … (help) people in business.

9. The scissors … (cut) very well.

 

Ex. 4. Choose the right variant.

1. … flat is large

    a) Peter and Helen’s                    c) Peter’s and Helen

     b) Peter’s and Helen’s                    d) Peter and Helen

 

2. She went to the … .

    a) baker                             c) bakers’

    b) baker’s                     d) bakers

3. … meeting has bin cancelled.

    a) tomorrow                                c) tomorrow’s

    b) tomorrows’                   d) tomorrows

4. Tom’s flat is much larger than … .

    a) Ann                               c) Anns’

    b) Anns                             d) Ann’s

5. I dined at my … .

    a) friend’s                          c) friend

    b) friends’                          d) friends

6. I have got … holiday.

    a) a week’s                        c) a weeks’

    b) a weeks                         d) a week

7. Moscow is … greatest scientific and cultural center.

    a) Russia                           c) Russias’

    b) Russias                          d) Russia’s

8. A … book is very interesting.

    a) сhildren                         c) children’s

    b) childrens’                      d) childrens

9. … fathers are doctors.

    a) Kate and Ben’s                       c) Kates and Bens

    b) Kate’s and Ben’s          d) Kate and Ben

10. He lives at a ... distance from here.

    a) kilometre’s                    c) kilometres’

    b) kilometres                     d) kilometre.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Она делает хорошие успехи в английском.

2. Вчера я положил сюда деньги. Где они? Я не могу их найти.

3. Критерии часто меняются.

4. Его знания по математике лучше моих.

5. Виды этих растений неизвестны.

6. Президент прибыл в страну с трехдневным визитом.

7. Никто не знал, что сказать, и наступило минутное молчание.

8. Портрет жены Рембрандта – одна из самых известных картин художника.

9. Приезд Поля и Кэт был неожиданностью (surprise) для тети Энн.

10. Этому замку триста лет.



The adverb

Degrees of Comparison

 

По структуре наречия делятся на:

 

1) простые: here well then здесь хорошо тогда
2) Производные от прилагательных и существительных: quickly easily daily     быстро легко ежедневно
3) сложные: somewhere outside somewhat     где-то снаружи отчасти
4) составные: not at all in rain at last   ничуть напрасно наконец

 

           Некоторые наречия имеют две формы, которые различаются по значению:

а) совпадающую с формой соответствующего прилагательного

b) форму с суффиксом – ly

Например: near – близкий, близко

        daily – ежедневно, ежедневный

 

close closely близко тщательно wide widely широко повсеместно
near nearly близко почти sure surely действительно конечно, непременно
late lately поздно последнее время free freely бесплатно свободно, вольно
hard hardly упорно едва last lastly последний, позже всех в конце концов
high highly высоко в высшей степени direct directly прямо, напрямую немедленно

 

Например: She could hardly recognize him. Она едва могла узнать его.

              She worked hard yesterday. Вчера она очень много работала.

 

Классификация наречий:

1 Наречия места и направления here, there, near, far, elsewhere (где-нибудь еще), upstairs, downstairs, aboard (на борту), afloat (на плаву)
2 Наречия определенного времени: обычно ставятся в начале или в конце предложения Например: I shall write him a letter tomorrow. now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, then, before
3 Наречия неопределенного времени: обычно ставятся перед смысловым глаголом, или после вспомогательного глагола, если сказуемое состоит из нескольких слов. Например: Writing the address in English usually presents some difficulties for Russian people. When we want to send a letter we must always address the envelope. always, never, usually, sometimes, often
4 Наречия образа действия: употребляются непосредственно после глагола, когда глагол непереходной (после него не следует дополнение). Например: He works hard. Если за глаголом следует инфинитив, то наречие образа действия употрeбляется перед глаголом. Например: He flatly refused to leave in the small hours. Он наотрез отказался ехать ни свет ни заря fast, slowly, hard tight, well, calmly, quickly, brightly, easily
5 Наречия меры и степени. Большинство наречий меры и степени стоит перед определяемым словом. Например: The model is rather interesting/ Исключение: enough, not at all употребляются после слова, которое они определяют, а не перед ним: John is old enough to understand that. very, too, quite, enough, rather, hardly, almost, not at all, much, little, scarcely

 

Степени сравнения наречий

1) односложные наречия и early: + er, est fast – faster – fastest;  soon –sooner-soonest; early-earlier-earliest; hard-harder-hardest
2) наречия на – ly с помощью слов more и most также beautifully – more beautifully – most beautifully; slowly-more beautifully – most beautifully; slowly – more slowly – most slowly; often – more often – most often
3) наречия well, bad, much, little, far well –better-best badly-worse-worst much-more-most little-less-least, far-farther/further-farthest/furthest
Adjective or Adverb? a) Link verbs (be, get, become, feel, seem, grow, sound, taste, swell, look (=seem) + adjectives: she looked sad/nice/happy. I feel well/bad/fine The cake is delicious and smells good. b) Action verbs + adverbs: she looked at me sadly/happily/ I swim well / badly

Ex. 1. Use the correct form of the adverbs in brackets.

 

    1. It’s becoming (hard) and (hard) to find a job. 2. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do (well) than this. 3. You are standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit (far) away? 4. Martin drove (slowly) than usual. 5. We have to walk (fast) than this if we want to catch the train. 6. This world is (widely) used in spoken English than in written. 7. Let me ask him. I know him (well) than you do. 8. Jim did (badly) in his examination than he had hoped. 9. Could you speak a bit (distinctly), please? 10. I don’t play tennis much now. I used to play (often). 11. The Earth goes round the sun (quickly) than the Jupiter. 12. She always arrives at work much (early) than anyone else. 13. Of all animals in the world, which one lives (long)? 14. If he had driven (carefully), he wouldn’t have got into an accident. 15. John is studding a lot (hard) than usual now that his exams are getting closer.

 

Ex. 2. Chose the right variant.

 

1. I opened the door slow/slowly.

2. Why are you angry/angrily? I haven’t done anything.

3. Bill is a careful/carefully driver. He drives careful/carefully.

4. Can you please repeat that slow/slowly?

5. Come on, George! Why are you always so slow/slowly?

6. The party was very good/well. I enjoyed it very much.

7. Tom didn’t do very good/well in his examination.

8. Jane is studding hard/hardly for her examination.

9. “Where is Diana?” She was here, but she left sudden/suddenly.

10.  I met them a long time ago, so I do not remember them very good/well.

11.  My brother is not very good/well at the moment.

12. Don’t eat your dinner so quick/quickly. It is not good for you.

13. Those oranges look nice/nicely. Can I have one?

14. I don’t want to work for that company. They pay their workers bad/badly.

15. Please, be quiet/quietly. I’m reading.

 

Ex. 3. Chose the right form of the adjective of the adverb.

 

1. I am happy/happily to meet you.

2. They have lived all their life happy/happily.

3. Don’t speak to me cold/coldly.

4. Your hands are cold/coldly, put on your gloves.

5. The results of our work were perfect/perfectly.

6. We have done everything perfect/perfectly.

7. I am quite helpless/helplessly in solving such problems.

8. She looked at them helpless/helplessly not knowing what to do.

9. Can you tell me the exactly time of his arrival.

10. Sorry but I don’t know exact/exactly when he comes back.

11. He often comes home late/lately.

12. I haven’t seen him late/lately.

 

Ex. 4.  Rewrite the sentences, puffing the adverbs in brackets into their proper places. 

1. I get many letters from my friends (often).

2. We shall go (tomorrow, there).

3. Have you been to the Caucasus (ever)?

4. I have been there (never).

5. They have returned from Kiev (just).

6. I haven’t seen this comedy (yet).

7. He gets up early (usually).

8. My mother cooks supper for our family (always).

9. I haven’t money to buy this TV-set (enough).

10. She knows Spanish well to work as an interpreter (enough).

11. She wears the latest fashion (always).

12. Your can has been stolen (probably).

13. I cleaned the house and cooked the dinner (also).

14. Jack can’t cook. He can’t boil an egg (even).

15. I can remember her name (never).

 










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