Настоящее совершенное время

(The Present Perfect Tense)

Настоящее совершенное время образуется с помощью вспомогательных глаголов have(has) + Participle II основного глагола.

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое

1) совершилось к настоящему моменту времени. Время действия может быть не указано, так как важен лишь факт совершения действия к настоящему моменту или его результат. Такое действие связано своим результатом с настоящим моментом времени.

I have seen this film and think it is dull.– Я видел(а) этот фильм и считаю его скучным.

Форма have seen выражает действие, которое закончилось к настоящему моменту времени. С настоящим моментом его связывает результат – мнение о фильме. Такой результат может не указываться, а только подразумеваться.

I have seen this film.– Я видел этот фильм. (Могу высказать свое впечатление о нем. Могу рассказать его содержание.)

2) уже завершилось, но тот период, в котором оно происходило, еще продолжается и может быть обозначен следующими обстоятельствами времени: today сегодня; this year (month, week) в этом году (месяце, на этой неделе); this century в нашем столетии и т. д.

I have seen this film twice this week.– На этой неделе я дважды видел этот фильм.

3) завершилось очень близко к настоящему моменту речи (к настоящему моменту), что подчеркивается наречиями: already уже (в утвер. предложении); yet уже (в вопрос. предложении); not ... yet еще нет (в отриц. предложении); just только что.

I have just got a letter from my brother.– Я только что получил письмо от брата.

They have already got ready for the test.– Они уже подготовились к контрольной работе.

Have you got ready for the test yet?– Вы уже подготовились к контрольной работе?

They haven't got ready for the test yet.– Они еще не подготовились к контрольной работе.

We have already come to a definite conclusion.– Мы уже пришли к определенному заключению.

4) С наречиями never никогда, ever когда-либо, lately, recently недавно, в последнее время; since с тех пор, с тех пор как.

He has read many books lately(of late).– За последнее время он прочитал много книг.

Have you ever seen this man before?– Вы когда-либо прежде видели этого человека?

I have not seen him since 1998.– Я не видел его с 1998 года.

I haven't seen him since.– Я не видел его с тех пор.

I haven't seen him since he left Murmansk.– Я не видел его с тех пор, как он уехал из Мурманска.

5) а также действия, начавшегося в предшествующий период и еще не закончившегося (часто с глаголами, не употребляющимися в форме Continuous). В этом случае глагол в форме Present Perfect переводится, как правило, настоящим временем. В предложении при этом имеются обстоятельства времени, обозначающие незаконченный отрезок времени, в котором протекает действие: for в течение; for a long time давно, долго; for years в течение многих лет; for ages целую вечность; since c (since nine o'clock с 9 часов), с тех пор как.

I have known him since my childhood.– Я знаю его с детства.

I have known him for a long time.– Я знаю его давно.

We haven't seen him since he left Murmansk.– Мы не видели его с тех пор, как он уехал из Мурманска.

Exercises

Put the verb in brackets into Present Perfect.

1. I don't know this girl. I never (meet) her before. 2. Where is Mother? – She just (go) out. 3. Don't you know what the film is about? – No, I (not / see) it.
4. Don't worry about the letter. I already (post) it. 5. Is he a good teacher? – Oh yes, he (help) me a lot. 6. I know London perfectly well. I (be) there several times. 7. I can't find my umbrella. I think, somebody (take) it by mistake. 8. Do you speak Spanish? – No, I never (study) it. 9. Do you know where they have gone? – No, they (sell) their house and (not / leave) their new address.

Answer the questions. Put the verb in brackets into Present Perfect.

Model: Is his article ready? (write) – Yes, he has written it.

1. Are her rooms clean? (do)

2. Is our dinner ready, Mother? (cook)

3. Does she know the poem? (learn)

4. Do you know this sort of pencil? (use)

5. Does he know how nice the cake is? (eat)

6. Do you know that your gloves are on the table? (find)

7. Is Bobby's face clean? (wash)

8. Do you know how beautiful these songs are? (hear)

Put the verb in brackets into Present Indefinite and Present Perfect.

1. Look! They (stop). 2. I (want) to see you. I (not / see) you for ages! 3. What (be) your name? – My name (be) always Cole. 4. You (read) this book? – Yes. – What you (think) of it? 5. I (not / be) to a zoo before. It (be) a nice feeling to go somewhere you never (be) before. 6. You (know) Nick? – Yes. – How long you (know) him? – I (know) him for 10 years. 7. There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (not / do) them. 8. You (realize) we (know) each other for quite a period of time now? And this (be) the first occasion you (ask) me to come with you. 9. You (know) the girl who just (leave) the shop? – Yes, that (be) Bella York. – She (be) a customer of yours? – Not, exactly. She (be) here several times, but she never (buy) anything. 10. Come in, I (be) awake since sun-up. 11. I (not / see) your pictures for a long time. Can I look round? 12. It'll be good to see him again. How long he (be) away? It (seem) ages. 13. I (know) you nearly all my life, but I never (see) you so excited about anything.

You are talking to a friend about the events in your family. Make sentences from the given words according to the pattern.

Model: My brother Greg / graduate / from the University.

– My brother Greg has graduated from the University.

1. Father / get / a new job / in South Africa.

2. He and Mother / leave / for Cape Town.

3. Mary / marry / an architect / from Canada.

4. I / pass / my / law / exams.

5. I / meet / the man / for me.

Read the situation and then write a suitable sentence. Use the verb given in brackets.

Model: Hugh is listening to some music. It is a new cassette (buy).

– Hugh has bought a new cassette.

1. Andrew is sleeping soundly. It is late morning (oversleep).

2. You are going to sit down to dinner and discover there is no bread in the house (run out of).

3. Last weekend Gen went mountain walking. Now she is in bed. (catch a bad cold)

4. Your neighbours were playing their VCR very loud. Now it's quiet (switch off).

6. Use just. Answer the questions using the words given.

Model: Could you lend me your dictionary? (sorry, I / just / give / it / to Mike) – Sorry, I've just given it to Mike.

1. Has Mother come from the market? (yes / she / just / come / from the market)

2. Have you phoned Jack yet? (yes / I / just / phone / him)

3. Would you like some coffee? (no thanks / I / just / have / a cup)

7. Put in been or gone.

Model: Where's Paul? – He has goneto the library. – We've beento the country today. Look, we've brought some flowers.

1. Where have you spent your holidays? – I've … to Italy.

2. Are you going to the shops? – No, I've just … to the shops.

3. Is Alex home? – No, he's ... to park.

4. Are they both out? – Yes, they've both … to the market.

8. Make sentences with already and yet.

Models:

Don't forget to pack some warm clothes. – I've already packed them.

Have you typed the letters yet? – Yes, I've already typed them.

Have you bought that dress? – No, I haven't bought it yet, but I'm going to buy it.

1. Why don't you have a bath? – …

2. Shall I buy some newspapers? – No, …

3. Have you asked Jim yet? – Yes, …

4. Have you invited Larry and Sue? – No, I …, but I am…

5. Has the manager arrived yet? – Yes, …

6. Has Jill written to Dad? – No, she … but she … tonight.