Give an assessment to activity of the international funds for science funding.

The world will need to draw on exceptional individual and collaborative actions, and to harness the transformational power of science, technology and communications in order for our generation to safely and fairly ensure the stewardship of our natural resources.

Science in developing countries needs to expand, that scientists in the developing world are well placed to identify the challenges they face, and able to propose transformational research, to build their resilience to global volatility, to engage in global negotiations, and to innovate for sustainable futures.

The International Foundation for Science therefore aims to help early-career scientists to play their part, to contribute to accelerating progress towards addressing the global challenges of today. Today, our planet appears small, and its biological and water resources base is vulnerable and interconnected. The development solutions should be supported by the grantees.

Most research funding comes from two major sources, corporations (through research and development departments) and government (primarily carried out through universities and specialized government agencies; often known as research councils). Some small amounts of scientific research are carried out (or funded) by charitable foundations, especially in relation to developing cures for diseases such as cancer, malaria and AIDS.

The Open Society Institute (OSI), the Soros Foundation is an international charitable organization founded by financier and philanthropist George Soros. Initiates and supports programs in the field of education, culture and art, health care, civic initiatives that promote the development of ideas and mechanisms of an open society.

The representative offices of the Foundation operate in more than 30 countries. The governing bodies are located in New York and Budapest.

"Soros Foundation - Kazakhstan" exists since September 1995.

The Foundation grants grants for projects in the fields of education, health, culture, democratization and development of civil society.

Since the foundation's inception, more than $ 58 million has been spent on charitable projects.

CRDF Solutions is the result of more than 15 years of CRDF Global's experience in administering research and educational projects in Russia and CIS countries, including the well-known Grant Assistance Program (GAP).

Effective implementation of projects in the field of international scientific cooperation can not be achieved without a creative and flexible approach, the ability to make decisions and get out of difficult situations. That is why it is so important to use the experience and knowledge of professionals in this field.

CRDF Solutions is a professional tool for effective implementation of international research projects. Transparent and reliable management mechanisms allow reducing administration costs and shifting the burden of organizational work from researchers to CRDF Global specialists.

18. Find Hirsh's index of the scientist A if it is known that he published 66 articles included in the Thomson Reuters database. Among them: 17 articles (each article was quoted 19 times), 19 articles (each article was quoted 15 times), 3 articles (each article was quoted 3 times) and 27 articles (each article was quoted 15 times). Explain the answer.

   h-index = 17

The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a scholarly journal as well as a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist at UCSD, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists' relative quality and is sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number.

The definition of the index is that a scholar with an index of h has published h papers each of which has been cited in other papers at least h times. Thus, the h-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. The index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works properly only for comparing scientists working in the same field; citation conventions differ widely among different fields.

Find Hirsh's index of the scientist of B if it is known that he published 21 articles, included in the Thomson Reuters database. Among them: 21 articles (each article was quoted 12 times), 9 articles (each article was quoted 18 times), 4 articles (each article was quoted 30 times) and 27 articles (each article was quoted 21 times). Explain the answer.

h=33, because only 33 articles have the citations at least 30 times.

The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a scholarly journal as well as a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist at UCSD, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists' relative quality and is sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number.

The definition of the index is that a scholar with an index of h has published h papers each of which has been cited in other papers at least h times. Thus, the h-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. The index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works properly only for comparing scientists working in the same field; citation conventions differ widely among different fields