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RADIO AND TV IN OUTER SPACE

Radio waves serve as a most reliable means connecting the spaceship with the Earth. Since the time when the first rocket was sent into space, there is always a two-way communication channel between the Earth and space. The most valuable information is transmitted to the Earth from rockets and spaceships by radio waves.

The information from space comes to the Earth in a coded form and here it is – decoded into the language clear to the specialists. Radio signals which are sent to the Earth from space are much weaker than those which are emitted by radio stations on the Earth. That is why the ground-based receiving antennas should be very big. The greater the antenna area, the more reliable is the reception.

Here on the Earth we not only hear the voices of our cosmonauts out can also see them thanks to the television transmitters which are set up in the spaceship cabin. The cosmonauts use portable TV cameras to send telecasts from their space home and show the televiewers the Earth and the Moon. And so in addition to two-way radio communication there is a two-way television channel from the Earth – to space and back.

Outer space is a gigantic natural laboratory. Here people can observe and study new phenomena, discover laws of nature and then use their knowledge for the benefit of mankind. And here radio and TV are of great help.

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1. In what form does the information from space come to the Earth?

a) in .he form of words;

b) in a coded form;

c) in a decoded form.

2. Why should the ground-based receiving antennas be very big?

a) because radio information from space should be decoded;

b) because radio signals from space are very strong;

c) because radio signals from space are weak.

3. How do cosmonauts communicate with the Earth?

a) by television only;

b) by radio and television channels;

c) by radio channels.

Контрольная работа 2

Вариант 2

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод подлежащего.

A. A great many scientists from various institutes were invited to work at the design of the hydroengineering complex.

B. The designers were given the necessary information about the channels and spillways.

C. The experimental model will be followed by mass production of the mechanisms.

D. The design was commented upon by some well-known specialists.

E. The engineers’ measurements and calculations can be relied on.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на усилительную конструкцию.

A. It was herethat a large scale production of synthetic rubber was first organized.

B. It is due to the close cooperation of physicists and chemiststhatnew physical measurements were developed.

C. It is the hydroengineering complex which will protect St. Petersburg from floods.

3. В следующих парах предложений определите время и залог сказуемого. Предложения переведите:

A. The engineers at our laboratorymade a very interesting experiment last week. Our countryhas made great achievements in all fields of industry, technology and science.

B. An interesting phenomenon in the field of aerodynamic effects was discovered by Russian scientists last year. Almost all chemical elements whichhave been found on Earthhave been discovered in the Sun and the planets of solar system.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова-заместители.

A. Scientists and engineers work out new processes and improve old ones to produce better kinds of polymer materials.

B. The system of structures to protect St. Petersburg from floods is a uniqueone.

C. The speed of lighter molecules is greater thanthat of heavier ones.

Выберите перевод сказуемого.

A. The flood defence systemis being built near St. Petersburg.

B. The hydroengineering projectis to be built in some years.

C. The main task of the workersis to build it in time.

D. Constructorsarealsobuilding the 150 km ring road around St. Petersburg.

а) строят; b) должны построить; с) строится; d) состоит в том, чтобы построить; е) строили.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

A. Above certain critical temperature, changes begin to take place in the molecular structure of a metal.

B. The aim of any research is to enlarge the possibilities which are offered by modem science.

C. It is difficult to define what an amorphous material is. It may be composed of crystals which are too small to be detected.

D. This metal is too brittle to be hammered.

E. To produce changes in physical state a considerable amount of thermal energy must be supplied to metal.

F. Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb mechanical energy by permanent deformation without breakage.

G. Steel is the metal to be formed from iron with a definite amount of carbon.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие.

A) Participle I

A. A molecule is a compoundconsisting of two or more atoms.

B. Whenspeaking about oxygen it is necessary to say that it is a colourless, odourless gashaving density at standard pressure and temperature of about one seven-hundredth that of water. It is soluble in water becoming liquid at about 180°C.

C. The solution isboiling.

D. Theboiling solution has neither colour nor odour.

Б) Participle II

A. The solution of the problem requiredconcentrated efforts of many scientists.

B. Whenrequired, the data will beapplied in our practical work.

C. Heated glass is plastic.

D. Some heat-resistant types of glasses can beheated until they are red and do not break, if thenplaced into ice water.

8. Дайте возможные варианты перевода предложений с герундием в функции:

а) подлежащего:

1. Maintaining constant temperature and pressure during the test was absolutely necessary.

2. His offering new temperature conditions for the system will give greater efficiency.

б) сказуемого:

1. The task of the factory was producing corrosion-resistant polymers in far larger quantities.

в) дополнения:

1. The experimentalist suggested purifying the solution by a new method.

2. We know of silver and copper being very good conductors of electricity.

г) определения:

1. The new heating and lighting installations supply the shops of our plant with heat and light.

д) обстоятельства:

1. By subjecting air to very great pressure and cooling it is possible to transform it to the liquid state.

2. In converting water into ice we do not change its composition.