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MACHINE TOOLS –

A MEASURE OF MAN'S PROGRESS

The variety and combinations of machine tools today are unlimited. Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a work-bench[1] but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.

There are some basic operations at any workshop. They are turning, drilling, threading, etc. The main machine tool of such a workshop is the multipurpose lathe. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine2 with special tools which can cut or form metal parts. The metal that cuts another metal must be very hard and so tools should be made of very hard steel alloys. The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mechanism that is to direct it.

Technological progress improves accuracy of machine tools. Today's equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. One can find a number of3 machine tools that can measure and inspect their production themselves – machine tools that are to handle the parts mechanically and automatically. Such machines can hold the parts which are to be measured and are able to indicate precise measurements themselves. A great many of such "clever" machines can be found today in our industry.

Since machine tools become faster and more complex, automatic measurements and inspection ought to be of greater importance. Automation is one of the main factors of engineering progress.

Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops. The main principle of such a flexible line is the fact that it can be switched over from one product to another, which has a similar structure but a different outline, almost instantaneously. It is equally efficient in conditions of both mass and small-batch production4 and will serve to increase the productivity.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What types of machine tools are there nowadays?

2. What are the basic operations at a workshop?

3. What is a lathe?

4. Why must tools be made of very hard steels and alloys?

5. Is the tool itself big or small?

6. What improves the accuracy of machine tools?

7. What is one of the main factors of engineering progress?

8. What forms the basis for automated workshops?

9. What is the main principle of a flexible line?

Контрольная работа 1

Вариант 2

Замените личные местоимения, данные в скобках, соответствующими притяжательными местоимениями. Предложения переведите.

Образец:(We) table is front of the window.

            Our table is front of the window.

A. I have some notebooks and pencils in (I) brief-case.

B. Those are (we) instruments.

C. These are (they) friends.

D. This is a square. All (it) angles are right.

Глаголы, данные в скобках, поставьте в соответствующем лице и числе в Present и Past Indefinite. Предложения переведите.

A. Mr. Black (to be) a professor of mathematics.

B. I (to be) a student too; l (to be) a schoolboy only three months ago.

C. We all (to have) pens, pencils, rulers, and notebooks with us.

D. There (to be) many things on the teacher's table.

Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Предложения переведите.

A. This is a large classroom.

B. There are some lames on the walls.

C. Mr. Black has some assistants.

4. Составьте предложения из следующих слов. Предложения переведите:

a) there, any, are, on the blackboard, figures?

b) a picture, there, over, the bookcase, is?

5. Переведите предложения.

A. This element has (несколько) important properties.

B. There is (нет) difference between these two figures.

C. My friends always go (куда-нибудь) in summer.

D. Hesays (ничего) about his tests.

E. (Ни один) student uses these instruments.

6. Составьте предложения из следующих слов. Предложения переведите:

a) countries, the metric system, use, most, now;

b) work, m the evening, Mr. Hall, does not, on Fridays.

7. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future). Предложения переведите.

A. Albert Einstein (to be) born in 1879 in Germany. When he was be (to begin) his study of mathematics and physics. Later he (to continue) his studies at the University.

B. The people of our country (to produce) a lot of geniuses such as Lomonosov, Mendeleyev, Lobachevsky and others. Now our country (to have) a great number of brilliant scientists in all fields of knowledge. Any square (to have) four right angles.

8. Переведите предложения, пользуясь словами и выражениями, данными ниже.

A. Альберт Эйнштейн был великим физиком XX столетия.

B. В течение нескольких лет Эйнштейн жил в Праге и преподавал в университете физику.

C. Его идея поразила всех ученых.

D. Сегодня любой студент технического института понимает теорию относительности.

Тo get the Nobel Prize; to make some discoveries; any technical college student; to be a great physicist of the 20th century; to study Einstein's biography; to give his life to; for a few years; to teach physics; to have an unusual ability in; to surprise all the scientists.

9. а) поставьте прилагательные и наречия в соответствующие степени сравнения; б) переведите текст на русский язык:

Mercury

Mercury is the (small) planet in our solar system, it is the (close) one to the Sun. Apart from the Sun itself the sunny side of Mercury is the (hot) place in the solar system. But the dark side of Mercury is probably even (cold) than the (far) planet, Pluto. It is strange to find the (hot) and the (cold) parts of the solar system on the same planet. The (good) time to see Mercury is spring.

10. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемое:

а) с модальным глаголом:

A. Wemust use new methods in our research work.

B. Youmay use this instrument for measuring gas pressure.

C. Theyought to help their friend to solve this important problem.

б) с эквивалентом модального глагола:

A. The studentswere unable (were not able)to do the work without their teacher's help. Hehad to help them.

B. This power station wasto supply us with all necessary energy.

C. The atomis to serve mankind.

D. Nobodywas able to understand this mysterious phenomenon.