Второй тип охватывает малореальные, неосуществимые условия, относящиеся к настоящему или будущему.

В главном предложении (следствия) тогда используется время Future-in-the-Past, а в придаточном (условия) – прошедшая форма глагола to be в сослагательном наклонении (were во всех лицах) или форма Past Simple всех других глаголов:

If I were you I wouldn’t poke my nose everywhere. - Я бы на Вашем месте не совал всюду нос.

Третий тип описывает невыполненные условия в прошлом.

В главном предложении (следствия) используется вспомогательный глагол should / would и глагол во времени Present Perfect, а в придаточном (условия) – глагол в форме Past Perfect:

If you had gone to bed in time you wouldn’t have overslept your interview.
Если бы ты вовремя пошла спасть, то не проспала бы собеседование.

Герундий

На русский язык переводится, как правило, как отглагольное существительное, деепричастие или причастие. Имеет активную и пассивную форму, а также формы настоящего и прошедшего времени.

1. Nowadays welding is used instead of bolting and riveting.

2. There are five types of stainless steel depending on the other alloying additions

3. His having worked in a factory helped him in his studies.

4. Tom is proud of being offered such important work.

Причастие

Причастие настоящего или прошедшего времени, чаще всего встречается в формах Continuous (I) и Perfect (II), если причастие относится непосредственно к существительному, оно, как правило, выполняет функцию определения и переводится как прилагательное. 

   Participle I

1. Do not add the fuel near an open flame welding arc or when the engine is running.

2. Always use the greatest care when working near moving parts.                                                    

Participle II 

1. Pressure is always employed, and generally some heat is provided.

2. The unheated metal imposes a restraint on the above.

3. In arc welding, the weld metal comprises filler material plus the base metal that has melted.

Инфинитив

Инфинитивные конструкции различной сложности встречаются в технических текстах довольно часто. Наиболее типичны случаи употребления инфинитива в составе составного глагольного сказуемого, в качестве дополнения, обстоятельства цели и даже подлежащего. 

1. This technique is also used to join hard-to-weld or high carbon steels.

2. Weld with low current consistent with sufficient penetration to reduce the heat input to the work.

3. Alloying additions such as aluminium allow them to be hardened.

4. To weld in overhead position is difficult.

5. They are glad to have been bought this equipment.

6. When stainless steel is joined to mild steel, the mild steel can be often "buttered" with stainless steel.

Косвенная речь

При переходе предложения из прямой речи в косвенную изменяются личные и притяжательные местоимения, обстоятельства времени и места. Если вводное предложение стоит в прошедшем времени, необходимо изменить время глагола в соответствии с нижеприведенной таблицей.

Изменение наречий времени и места

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (ВАРИАНТ 1)

1.Перепишите и письменно переведите текст:

Retailing

Retailing is selling goods and services to the ultimate consumer. Thus, the retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution. Being middlemen, they make their profit by charging the customer 25 to 100 per cent more than the price they paid for the item.

The retailers operate through stores, mail-order houses, vending machine operators. There are different types of retail stores: department stores, discount houses, cooperatives, single line retailers. The major part (over 95 per cent) of retail establishments concentrate on a single line of merchandise for example, food, hardware, etc. But nowadays there is a trend for many single line stores to take on a greater variety of supplies.

The retailer performs many necessary functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Second, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer helps to promote the product through displays, advertising or sales people. Fourth, the retailer can finance the customer by extending credit. Also the retailer stores the goods in his outlet by having goods available.

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What is retailing?

2. What are four different types of retail stores?

3. What are at least two types of retailing that do not include the use of a store?

4. In what way does a retailer serve a customer?

5. In what way does a retailer serve a manufacturer?

6. Which per cent of the price of the goods sold goes to the retailer?

7. What is the trend with a single line retailer now?  

3. Задайте 4 типа вопросов к предложению:

The retailer can finance the customer by extending credit.

4. Употребите следующие предложения в страдательном залоге:

1.They sell milk in this shop.

2. By six o'clock they had finished the work.

3. She showed me the dress which her daughter had made.

4. He will introduce me to his friends.

5. Определите тип условного предложения:

1. If she improved her spelling she would get better marks.

2.  We should not have come if your brother had not called us.

3.  He will write a letter today if he has free time.

6. Замените прямую речь косвенной:

1. He said,"I go to the swimming pool three times week" ;

2.  She said, "We are preparing for the concert now";

3.  She said,"My parents left for work ten minutes ago".

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (ВАРИАНТ 2)

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст:

Banks and business

Banks are different in different countries. Let’s speak about the banks in the United States of America. There, commercial banks are classified into two main groups. First, there are national banks. They are charted are supervised by the Federal Government. Secondly, there are state banks. They are charted and supervised by the state in which they are operated. All commercial banks can make loans to borrowers.

Major commercial banks in such cities as Tokyo, Paris, Rio cooperate with each other. In this way they finance imports and exports between countries.

An importer buys merchandise from another country using the currency of that country. For that purpose he buys this currency from the foreign exchange department of his bank. And in the same way if an exporter receives foreign money from sales to other countries, he sells this currency to his bank. By this method the currency of any country can usually be exchanged.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What do all commercial banks do?

2. What kinds of commercial banks in the USA do you know? What are they called?

3. Who supervises the operations of national banks?

4. What kind of currency does an importer generally use when he buys goods from another country?

5. What do you know about the “international exchange”?

6. What is the currency of this country called?

7. What is the exchange rate between your currency and the currency of the USA and Germany? How can you find it out if you don’t know it?

3. Задайте 4 типа вопросов к предложению:

An importer buys merchandise from another country using the currency of that country.

4. Употребите следующие предложения в страдательном залоге:

1. A marble pavillion protects the house.

2. The boys will paint the roof of the house.

3. Tom Sawyer whitewashed the fence.

5. Определите тип условного предложения:

1. If my team wins, I'll buy you a beer.

2. If the flight had left as scheduled, we wouldn't have been able to make the connection.

3. If I lived downtown, I wouldn't need a car.

6. Замените прямую речь косвенной:

1. Peter said: "I don’t like cold meat".

2. Mary said to Peter: "I’m frying some mushrooms for you."

3. Peter said: "I like night clubs, but I don’t like restaurants."

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (ВАРИАНТ 3)

1.  Перепишите и письменно переведите текст:

Marketing

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of the goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producer must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumers’ dollar.

 The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping center has made goods available to a consumer. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What does marketing mean?

2. What activities does marketing consist of?

3. What do marketing operations include?

4. Why is it so important for the producer to predict the trends?

5. How was mass consumption possible in the USA?

3. Задайте 4 типа вопросов к предложению:

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of the goods and services from producers to consumers.

4. Употребите следующие предложения в пассивном залоге:

1. In autumn we had planted all the trees.

2. They teach three foreign languages in this school.

3. They built this house in 1960.

4. We will do the work in the evening.

5. Определите тип условного предложения:

1. If they take a taxi they won't miss the train.

2. They would have sent us some information if there had been anything to send.

3. If you were more attentive you wouldn't make so many mistakes.

6. Переделайте предложения, заменив прямую речь косвенной:

1. Ann said: "Не is one of the best speakers I have ever heard."

2. "Do you know where the Browns live?" we asked a passerby.

3. He said: "I'm proud of my brother who took the first prize at the competition".

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (ВАРИАНТ 4)

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст:

Financial Audit

A financial audit is the examination of financial records and reports of a company or organisation, in order to verify that the figures in the financial reports are relevant, accurate, and complete. The general focus is to ensure the reported financial statements fairly represent a company's stated condition for the firm's stakeholders. These stakeholders will be interested parties, such as stockholders, employees, regulators, and the like.

Doing a financial audit is called the "attest" function. The general purpose is for an independent party (the CPA firm) to provide written assurance (the audit report) that financial reports are "fairly presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles".

Because of major accounting scandals (failure by CPA firms to detect widespread fraud), assessing internal control procedures has increased in magnitude as a part of financial audits.

Financial audits are typically done by external auditors (accountancy firms). Many organizations, including most very large organizations, also employ or hire internal auditors, who do not attest to financial reports.

 Internal auditors often assist external auditors, and, in theory, since both do internal control work, their efforts should be coordinated.

2.Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is a financial audit?

2. What is the general purpose of audit?

3. Who typically does financial audits?

3. Задайте 4 типа вопросов к предложению:

Financial audits are typically done by external auditors (accountancy firms).

4. Употребите следующие предложения в страдательном залоге:

1. Tom gave Nick a book for his birthday.

2. Our mother tells us stories every evening.

3. Lydia will show you a new book of pictures.

5. Определите тип условного предложения:

1. If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything.

2. If we couldn't laugh, we would all go insane.

3. If I'd observed all the rules I'd never have got anywhere.

6. Замените прямую речь косвенной:

1. She said: "It may be the dog, or it may be you!"

2. He said: "I’m not going to the night club, but I won’t cook spaghetti for you".

3. She said: "Peter, I know, you don’t love me because you don’t want to cook for me!"

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (ВАРИАНТ 5)

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст:

Pricing

All products and all services have prices. The price depends on different thing such as credit terms, delivery, trade-inallowance, guarantees, quality and other forms of service, which price can produce the biggest profit during a long period of time. It’s hardly possible to determine such a price. The price may be too high to produce a large volume or too low to cover costs. No other area of marketing operations has been a subject to bad practice. Many businesses persue unsound price policies for long periods of time and are not aware about it.

Prices can be determined in different ways. For example, the prices of meat, cotton and other agricultural prices can be decided in large central market where forces of supply and demand exist. This is pure price competition. The prices on industrial products (iron, steel, etc.) are usually decided by large companies. As a rule the amount and price of goods sold to large number of buyers is controlled by a few competting sellers. Prices also can be set by the government, usually for different public services-railroads, electricity, manufactured gas, bus services, etc.

If demand increases, prices rise, profits expand and new investment is attracted. But other factors may be involved as well. Prices are related to each other in different ways. Ultimately, everything is related in price, since the consumer can buy and must pay for everything out of a particular, limited amount of money.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why is it difficult to determine the right price?

2. In what way are agricultural prices decided?

3.  How are industrial products usually priced?

4. Why does the government usually set the prices for public utility services?

5. Why is everything related by price?

3. Задайте 4 типа вопросов к предложению:

Many businesses persue unsound price policies for long periods of time.

4. Употребите следующие предложения в страдательном залоге:

1. They will send us a box of fruit.

2. Five or six small children followed them.

3. In summer the boys often drive the horses to the fields.

5. Определите тип условного предложения:

1. If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers.

2. He would not have been imprisoned if he had not violated the law.

3. If the reform of a person were possible without criminal punishment only educational measures would be applied.

6. Замените прямую речь косвенной:

1. Mary said: "Peter, I know, you don’t love me because you don’t want to cook for me!"

2. Mother said: "Kids, I’ve just come back from the doctor and he wants to see you!"

3. Jeremy said: "I’m writing a letter to Santa because I want a new computer".

Приложение 1