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The Future Perfect Continuous




Positive Form Negative Form Question Form
I’ll (=will) + have + been + working Iwon’t (=will not) + have + been +wor -ing Will you + have + been + - ing?
I’ll have been working. I won’t have been working. Will you have been working?

The Future Perfect Continuous isused to emphasize the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future.

By the end of this week, she will have been working here for six years.

NOUNS

Nouns can be countable or uncountable.Countable nouns are nouns which we can count. They have singular and plural forms. e.g. a key, two keys.

The plural is formed as follows:

Regular Plurals

Irregular Plurals

jacket jackets child children
watch watches man men
tomato tomatoes woman women
baby babies foot feet
toy toys tooth teeth
leaf leaves mouse mice
cliff cliffs sheep sheep

Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot count. They do not have different plural forms. Uncountable nouns include:

many types of food: spaghetti, yoghurt, cheese, flour, butter, meat, etc.
liquids: water, coffee, soda, lemonade, oil, petrol, tea, etc
materials: silver, wood, crystal, plastic, porcelain, etc.
abstract nouns: freedom, love, justice, beauty, help, education, knowledge, etc.
others:   news, advice, information, weather, furniture, luggage, baggage, hair, accommodation, behaviour, equipment, fun, research, rubbish, litter, etc.

 

Countable nouns

1 Can take singular or plural verbs.

The book ison the table. The books areon the table.

2 Always go with a/an/the/my, etc. in the singular.

I bought an umbrella.(NOT: I bought umbrolla.)

3 Can be used alone or with some/any/many/few in the plural.

I love carrots. //I'm going to buy some carrots.

 

Uncountable nouns

1 Always take singular verbs.

Sugar is fattening.

Honey comes from bees.

2 Do not go with a/an/one, two, etc.

I like to drink milk.(NOT: I like to drink a milk.)

3 Can be used alone or with some/any/much/little/the/my etc.

Remember to buy (some) cheese.

Note: We can use a/an, one/two, etc. with uncountable nouns such as coffee, tea, lemonade, etc. when we are referring to a cup, glass, bottle, etc. of a certain liquid.

Can we have two coffees and two teas, please? (= two cups of coffee and two cups of tea)

 

ARTICLES

1 We use a or an the first time we mention something. When we mention it   

again, we use the.

I saw a beautiful vase in an antique shop a few days ago. When I went back to the shop yesterday, the vase wasn’t there any more!

2 We do not use the:

a when we talk about people or things in general.

Dogs make very good pets.

b with the names of people and countries.

American people eat a lot of fast food.

c with many place names.

continents: Europe, Asia countries: Argentina
cities: Moscow, Madrid lakes: Lake Ontario
mountains: Mount Everest hills: Primrose Hill
roads / streets: Oxford Street islands: EasterIsland

We use the:

a with some place names

oceans and seas: the pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea
rivers: the River Danube, the River Thames
mountain ranges: the Alps, the Himalayas
countries which are republics or unions: the United kingdom, the United Arab Emirates

b with superlative forms.

 the longest river in the world

c when there is only one of something

 the sun the Earth the Moon the sky the pope

4 Other phrases with the

at the bottom, at the top

in the east, in the west, in thecentre, in the middle

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

on theleft, on the right

 

BUT: at home, at school, at university, at work, at night, n bed, in hospital, in prison, on holiday

 

ADJECTIVES

Comparative and Superlative forms

1 One-syllable and two-syllable adjectives ending in –y

Adjective Comparative Superlative Spelling
young younger the youngest most adjectives +
tall taller the tallest -er, the -est
nice nicer the nicest adjectives ending
large larger the largest in -e: + -r, the -st
thin thinner the thinnest one vowel + one
big bigger the biggest consonant: double the consonant
pretty prettier the prettiest change -y to -i

2 Other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives

serious more serious the most serious
sophisticated more sophisticated the most sophisticated

But we usually use -er and the -est with the following two-syllable adjectives: clever, quiet, simple, gentle.

 

3 Irregular forms

Adjective Comparative Superlative
good little many/much bad far better less more worse farther /further the best the least the most the worst the farthest / furthest

4 Prepositions in comparative phrases

I think she’s more attractive than her sister.

Your eyes are very similar to your mother’s.

Are these glasses very different from your old ones?

She looks like a businesswoman.

Her earrings are the same as mine.

 

 

PRONOUNS

Subject pronouns Object pronouns

Possessive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns
I me my mine myself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourself / yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

Some/Any/No

  Affirmative sentences Negative sentences Interrogative sentences
people: somebody anybody nobody/not anybody
things: something anything nothing/ not anything
places: somewhere anywhere nowhere/not anywhere

 

1 Some, any and no are used with uncountable nouns (coffee, sugar, etc.)   

and plural countable nouns (cars, flowers, etc.).

some coffee, some cars

2 Some and its compounds (someone, somebody, something, somewhere)

are normally used in affirmative sentences.

He’s got some friends.

There is somebody at the door.

3 Any and its compounds are usually used in interrogative sentences.

 Not any is used in negative sentences.

Have you got any money?

There aren’t (=are not) any shops near here.

He is not anywhere.

4 Any and its compounds are also used with negative words such as without,   

never, seldom, rarely, etc.

He left without any excuse. She has hardly any money left.

5 No and its compounds are used instead of not any in negative sentences.

They haven’t got any time./They’ve got no time.

6 We use a singular verb with compounds of some, any and no.

Someone iscalling for help.

There is nothing on the table.

 

7 Some and its compounds are also used in interrogative sentences when we

make an offer or request.

Would you like some orange juice? (offer)

Can I say something? (request)

 

A Lot – Much – Many

A lot of/Lots of are used with both plural countable and uncountable nouns. They are normally used affirmative sentences.

Mary’s got a lot of /lots of dresses.

There is a lot of / lots of coffee in the pot,

Much and many are normally used in interrogative and negative sentences.

Much is used with uncountable and many with plural countable nouns.

There’s much cheese in the fridge.

There isn’t muchcheese left.

‘Have you got many books?’ I haven’t got many books’

Much

We use much with singular (uncountable) nouns and many with plurals.

Much and many are most common in questions and negatives, and after so, as, too, very.

In other informal affirmative sentences, we generally prefer a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of).

‘How much time have we got?’ ‘ How many tickets do we need?’

‘Do you have much trouble with English?’ ‘I don’t have much trouble speaking, but I have lots of difficulty writing .’

‘Are there many opera houses in London?’ ‘Not many, but a lot of theatres and plenty of cinemas.’

There are too many people here.

I love you so much.

A little/Little

A little/Little are used with uncountable nouns (tea, money, etc.).

A little means not much, but enough.

She’s got a little money. She can go shopping.

Little means hardly any, almost none.

We’ve got (very) little time. We must hurry.

A few / Few

A few /Few are used with plural countable nouns (books, plates, etc.).

A few means not many, but enough.

I’ve got a few friends, so I am not lonely.(positive idea)

Few means hardly any, almost none

I’m sad and I am lonely. I’ve got few friends. (negative idea)

 

.

 



MODAL VERBS

A list of the modal verbs in English:

can could may might will
would must shall should ought to

Modals are different from normal verbs:

1 They are followed by the infinitive without to, except for ought to.

We must be at the airport by seven

You should try this ice-cream – it’s delicious.

But: You ought to be more careful.

2 There is no do/does in the questions.

Can I help you?

When shall I phone you?

3 The form is the same for all persons. There is no -s in the third person  

singular.

She must be tired.

She can’t be at home.

4 To form the negative, add n’t. There is no don’t/doesn’t.

You can’t use the gym between 1.00 and 2.00.

Functions of modal verbs

Modal verbs are used to express:
ability permission possibility probability logical assumption requests offer suggestions advice criticism obligation prohibition 

 

 

Ability – Lack of ability Kim is five years old. She can read and write. When she was three, she could count to ten. She couldn’treach the top shelf, even though she tried. She couldn’tswim fast when she was young.
Permission Asking for permission Can I open the window, please? (informal) Could I open the window, please? (more polite) May/Might I open the window, please? (formal)  Giving permission     You can leave your luggage here. (informal) You may leave your luggage in this area. (formal)  Refusing permission  You can’t/mustn’t park here. (informal) You may not park in this area. (formal, usually written notice)
  Requests Can you help me, please? (informal) Will  you get me my glasses, please? (familiar) Could you make me some tea? (polite request) May I have a glass of water? (formal request)
Offers     I’ll do the shopping if you like. Shall I help you with your luggage?
Suggestions Shall we go to the theatre? We can/could go to the pub if you like.
Advice You should stop smoking. (it is the best thing to do; I advise you to) You ought to treat animals kindly. (ought to is sometimes used for advice based on laws, rules or generally accepted ideas) Shall I tell him the truth? (asking for advice)
Criticism You shouldn’thave been rude to her yesterday. (but you were) You should have locked the car before leaving. (but you didn’t)
Obligation and Necessity I mustlose some weight. (I say so) We ought to respect environment. (it’s the right thing to do)
Prohibition You can’tpark here. You mustn’t tell anyone.

 

  Logical assumption, possibility and probability
Mustis used in affirmative sentences and expresses positive logical assumptions.
It is Sunday. He must be at home. (=I’m sure he is at home.)
Can’t and couldn’tare used in negations and expresses negative logical assumptions.
It is Sunday. He can’t/couldn’t be at work. (=I’m sure he isn’t at work.)

 

I’m sure she knows him well. She must knowhim well.
It is possible that he’s working late tonight. He could be working late tonight.
I’m sure she’ll be working tomorrow. She must be working tomorrow.
I’m sure he didn’t know the truth. He can’t have known the truth.
Perhaps they have missed the bus. They might have missed the bus.
It’s possible he had got lost. He may have got lost.
I’m certain he was sleeping. He must have been sleeping.
Perhaps she has been lying. She may have been lying.
It’s likely they had been hiding. They could have been hiding.

 

PASSIVE VOICE

1 The Passive is used when the person who carries out the action is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.

Mrs Archer’s ruby ring was stolen from her house last night.

2 When the action itself is more important than the person who carries it out, 

as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions, etc.

The teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night.

3 When we want to make statements more polite.

My new blouse is ruined. ( More polite than saying, ‘You’ve ruined my

 new blouse.’)

Note: The Passive is used more often in written English than in spoken  

English.










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