Exercise 4. Point out participles and gerunds and translate the extract: “National Campaigns in the UK”.

Remember the words:

poster                               афиша, плакат, постер.

voting                               голосование

dire                                  ужасный

consequence                    последствие

duly                                   должным образом, правильно

Spending on national advertising campaigns, including posters, with a national message and not mentioning individual candidates, is now limited by electoral law. Only the biggest, well funded parties can mount such campaigns.

Parties with smaller financial recourses try to get round this by holding press previews of their posters which are put up, duly photographed, and taken down as soon as the press and televisions cameras leave. The message on the posters is normally extremely simple, offering a vision of hope or a warning of the dire consequences of voting for the other side, sometimes both.

Exercise 5. Choose the correct item.

1.Stop ___at once!

A to talk       В talking          С talk

1. I'd rather___steak than fish.

A have          В to have                   С having

2. The family were all looking forward ___ on holiday.

A going        В to going        С to go

4.The teacher told him he must ____ harder.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive or -ing form to complete the dialogues.

1.A: What did Sally say?

 B: Well, she agreed (meet) us at the train station at 6:00.

2.A: I'm really looking forward (see) Tom again.

B: Yes. It's been ages since we last saw him.

3.A: Do you fancy (visit) the Martins this Friday?

 B: Yes, that would be nice.

4.A: I really want (buy) an air-conditioner.

B: Me, too. It's very hot this summer, isn't it?

5.A: I hate (go) to the opera.

B: Really? I love the opera!

6.A: Did you remember (call) your mother?

B: Yes. I called her this morning.

7.A: I couldn't help (notice) that Ray has bought a new laptop.

 B: Yes, his old one was stolen last week.

8.A: I don't mind (look) after your dog while you're away.

B: Thanks. That would be great.

9.A: What would you like (have) for dessert?

 B: How about a fruit salad?

10.A: Does Greg know how to swim?

B: No. I don't know why, though. It's so easy (learn).

 

Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets in an '-ing' form or infinitive.

1.A: How was the party?

 B: Horrible, I regret (go) there.

2.A: Good morning, Mr Jackson. Have you corrected our tests?

 B: Yes, I have and I regret (tell) you that you've all failed.

3.A: I can't open this jar of honey.

 B: Try (put) it in hot water for a few minutes.

4.A: It looks like our video has broken down.

 B: Why don't we try (look) at the manual?

5.A: Are you sure you locked the door?

 В: I clearly remember (turn) the key in the lock.

6.A: Did you remember (buy) a present for granny?

 B: Yes, I did. And I remembered (get) her flowers, too.

7.A: I could do with a drink of water or juice.

 B: I'm quite thirsty myself. Let's stop (get) a drink.

8.A: Would you like some chocolate?

 B: No, thanks, I stopped (eat) sweets ages ago.

Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form.

1. It's no use (talk) to Bob; he won't change his mind. 2. She will (return) the books next weekend. 3. It was good of you (help) me fix my bicycle. 4. The man suggested (call) the police in, to investigate. 5. I can't get used to (live) in such a hot country. 6. He admitted (rob) the bank. 7. You had better (hurry), or you will be late for work. 8. They refused (give) me my money back. 9. She is too short (become) a fashion model. 10. My parents let me (stay) up late at weekends. 11. Our teacher makes us (do) homework every evening. 12. The kitchen windrows need (clean). 13. They have begun (make) preparations for the party. 14. He advised her (speak) to her boss. 15. I dislike (go) to the theatre alone. 16. Mr. Roberts was seen (leave) his house at 12:15 last night. 17. My sister can't stand (watch) horror films. She gets terribly scared. 18. Can you imagine (spend) your holidays on the moon? 19. There is no point in (call) again. There is no one at home. 20. I don't allow people (smoke) in my house. 21. It was silly of you (forget) to lock the door. 22. He risks (lose) his wallet when he leaves it on his deck.

Exercise 9. Translate into Russian.

Examples:

1) To work under a good manager is a great luck. – Работать под руководством хорошего менеджера – большая удача.

2) The manager is known to be an experienced one. – Известно, что этот руководитель является опытным.

3) We expect this person to be a good manager. – Мы ожидаем, что этот человек будет хорошим руководителем.

1. His theory is believed to be correct. 2. To run a company efficiently means to be a good manager. 3. He was supposed to attend the lecture that morning. 4. He is known to be a good editor. 5. The meeting is expected to open at three. 6. The data was thought to be important. 7. He wants me to come on Sunday. 8. He declared himself to be a member of the Club. 9. I heard the professor mention these facts in his lecture. 10. He never expected a theatre to be run on such business like lines.

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. Известно, что реклама на телевидении является наиболее эффективным средством. 2. Мы слышали, что наши коллеги обсуждали повестку конференции.

3. Вторая мировая война помешала ему закончить книгу (to prevent from). 4. Он вспомнил, что уже читал этот рассказ. 5.Они избрали путь, ведущий к быстрому успеху.

Things to do

Task 1. Discussing.

- Discuss the role of the media in politics.

Task 2. Translate and comment on the following.

* Many advertisements contain a slogan or short phrase to attract consumer's attention. Effective slogans are usually short, easy to remember.

* Read the text about translations of a slogan and note a problem: In Taiwan, the translation of the Pepsi slogan ' Come alive with the Pepsi generation' came out as 'Pepsi will bring your ancestors back from the dead'.

Task 3. In groups, write down five popular slogans in your language. Try to translate them into English.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

PRESENT FORMS

Present Simple

The Present Simple is used:

1 For permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines.

He works at a hotel. (permanent state)

2 For general truths and laws of nature.

It rarely rains in the desert.

3 For timetables (trains, planes, etc) and programmes.

The plane to London takesoff at 6:50 am.

4 For sports commentaries, reviews and narration.

Hill kicksthe ball and passes it to Dawson.

The Present Simple is used with the following time expressions:

always, usually, etc., every day/week, etc., on Mondays/Tuesdays, in the morning/afternoon, /evening, etc

Present Continuous

1 We use the Present Continuous for something happening at this moment or 

something happening in the present period, but perhaps not at this moment.

Sue’s talkingto someone on the phone. We're studying French this term.

2 With always when we want to express our irritation at action which happens too  

often.

She`s always complaining.

3 For the actions that we have already arranged to do in the near future, especially  

when the time and place have been decided.

Melany is getting married in June.

4 For changing and developing situations.

More and more forests are disappearing because of fires.

Present Continuous is used with the following time expressions: now, at the moment, these days, at present, tonight, nowadays, still, etc.

State verbs

State verbs are verbs which do not normally have continuous tenses because they describe a state rather than an action. These include:

Present Perfect

We form the present perfect with have / has + past participle. Regular past participles end in -ed in the positive form. Many verbs have an irregular past participle.

We use Present perfect to talk about the past and present together. The past action or situation is connected to the present in various ways.

1 The state or action continues from the past to the present.

I’ve known her for many years. (=I still know her)

2 The results of the past action are important in the present.

He’s lost his key.

3 The time reference in the sentence includes the present.

He’s lost his key this week. (=this week isn’t finished)

4 When we mean ‘in my whole life’ we do not give a specific time.

I’ve been to Spain lots of times. (=in my whole life)

Present Perfect is used wit the following time expression:

how long, for (duration), since , lately, recently, already, yet, just, always, ever,

never, so far.

Present Perfect Continuous

1 We use the Present Perfect Continuous to put emphasis on the duration of an 

action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with 

time expressions such as for, since, all morning/day/week etc.

She has been doing her homework since 6 o’clock.

2 For an action which started and finished in the past and lasted for some   

time. The result of the action is visible in the present.

He is dirty. He has been playing football.

3 To express anger, annoyance and irritation:

Who has been reading my business papers?

The Present Perfect Continuous is used with the following time expressions:

How long, for, since, lately, recently.

PAST FORMS

The past forms of be

Past Simple

Regular Past Simple forms end in -ed in the positive form (work – worked,

start – started, translate – translated, etc.)

But in many verbs have an irregularpast forms (break – broke, forget –

forgot, leave – left, see – saw, take – took, win – won, etc.)

1 We use the Past Simple for an action which happened at a definite time in 

the past. The time is stated, already known or implied.

They spent their holidays in Switzerland last winter.

2. For actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past.

First he read the message. Then he called his boss.

3 For past habits or states which are now finished. In such cases we can also 

use the expression used to.

People travelled / used to travel by carriage in those days.

The Past Simple is used with the following time expressions: yesterday, last

night/week/month/year/Monday, etc., two days ago, then, when, How long

ago...?, in 1961, etc.

Past continuous

The Past Continuous is used:

1 For an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We do not 

mention when the action started or finished.

At eight o’clock last night I was watching TV.

2 For an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it.

We use the Past Continuous for the action in progress (longer action) and 

the Past Simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action).

Wewere walkingin the park when itstarted to rain.

3 To describe the atmosphere, the setting, etc. in the introduction to a story.

One beautiful morning Ben was riding through the forest. The sun was    

shining and the birds were singing.

The Past Continuous is used with the following time expressions: when,

while, as, all day/night/morning, etc.

Past Perfect

1 We use the Past Perfect for an action which happened before another past

action or before a stated time in the past.

When I arrived, the meeting had already started.

2 For an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the

past.

He was happy. He had signed an important contract.

Note: The Past Perfect is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect.

He had fixed an old armchair. It looked brand new.

3 We do not normally use the Past Perfect when the sequence of events in

the past is clear.

I had a shower and went to bed.

The Past perfect is used with the following time expression: before, after,

already, for, since, just, till/until, when, by, by the time, never, etc.

Past Perfect Continuous

1 We use the Past Perfect Continuous to put emphasis on the duration of an

action which started and finished in the past before another past action or a stated time in the past, usually with since and for.

He had been working for the company for twenty years before he retired.

2 For an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was   

visible in the past.

He was very tired. He had been writing a report all night.

Note: The Past perfect continuous is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect Continuous.

He had been waiting for hours, so he was bored.

The Past Perfect Continuous is used with the following time expressions:

for, since, how long, before, until, etc.

FUTURE FORMS

We can refer to future actions with 1) the Future Simple, 2) be going to,

3)the Present Continuous, 4) the Present Simple, 5) the Future Continuous, 6) the Future Perfect, 7) the Future Perfect Continuous.

The Future Simple

1. The Future Simple is used in predictions about the future usually with

think, believe, be afraid, probably, etc.

His parents think he will become an artist one day.

2 For promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes, etc.

Stop talking or I’ll send you out of the class.

3 For on-the-spot decisions or offers.

It’s late. I’ll take a taxi home.

4. For actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the future 

and which we cannot control.

Winter will set early this year.

Going to, planning to

Going to, planning tois used for plans, intentions or ambitions.

He’s going to buy a sports car.

Going to is used in predictions when there is evidence that something will happen in the near future.

Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain.

The Present Continuous

The Present Continuous is used for fixed arrangements in the near future.

He’s flyingto Turkey next month. He has already booked his flight.

The Present Simple

The Present Simple is used for timetables / programmes.

The ferry leaves at eight o’clock tomorrow morning.

The Future Continuous

1 The Future Continuous is used for actions which will be in progress at a

stated future time.

This time next week he’ll be flying to Spain.

2 For actions which will definitely happen in the future, as a result of a 

routine or arrangement. I’ll be seeing Jim at work later on today.

3 When we ask politely about someone’s plans for the near future, in order

to see if our wishes fit in with their plans.

‘Will you be going to the dentist this afternoon?’ ‘Yes. Why?’

‘Can you make an appointment for me to see him.’

The Future Perfect

The Future Perfect is used for actions which will be finished before a stated future time. Wewill have returnedhome by Sunday afternoon.