Participle II: образование, функции, перевод.

Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на причастие

Participle I                                                                            Participle II

people living in caves

the dwellings protecting from rain                              the dwellings protected from animals

people building houses from different materials        houses built from different materials

people using bricks to build houses                             bricks used to build houses

the pyramids standing in Egypt                                  the pyramids erected by the Egyptians

a given area

a well-designed plant

increased production

1. Some of the buildings built by first-class Western architects have survived to our days.

2. The city was protected by rivers and a fortress, surrounding it.

4. Buildings built in white stone crested Moscow’s architectural image of a city of white stone.

5. Architectural monuments built were simple but expressive.

6. If developed successfully the building industry will have the leading role.

7. Large-scale construction was performed during the reign of Catherine the Great.

8. Founded in 1147 by the Prince Yury Dolgoruky Moscow is the capital of Russia.

9. When restored after a terrible fire in 1812, Moscow had visible uniformity.

10.The task carried out by builders had significant results.

11. The task carried out was completely different from the previous one (task).

12. There were a number of foreign architects building architectural monuments in Western style.

13. Using standard projects to restore Moscow after Napoleon’s invasion, architects preserved the city’s uniformity.

Translate the sentences, mind the use of Participle I, Participle II; Gerund:

1. Depended upon social formation buildings may be classified according to their role in the community.

2. Developing construction methods builders search for a maximum of stability and durability in building with a minimum of materials.

3.  Craft operations have been replaced by mechanized operations at the factory.

4. Modular design as a technique of building houses is impossible without standardizing structural elements.

5. Windows and doors made at the factory are brought to the construction site and are set in place.

6. They are using modular design in building this house.

7. Mechanized operations replacing craft operations allow houses to become assemblages of factory-made elements.

8. Assembling substantial portions of the houses at the building site is possible due to the technological changes in building industry.

1. Built to suit urban conditions houses provide home for many families.

2. Developing new techniques builders provide a maximum of stability and durability in building with a minimum of materials.

3. There are a lot of new construction methods and building materials increasing possibilities for resultant economy in housing.

4. Techniques conditioned by 2 factors – economic and expressive – evolve rapidly.

5.  A wide variety of mass-produced elements are assembled at the building site.

6. Using modular design has led to standardization of elements and interchangeability of parts.

7. Mechanized operations are replacing craft operations.

8. Types of buildings depend upon their using in social formation.

Инфинитив.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива:

I.1. The aim of utilizing precast concrete elements is to serve a multitude of building needs.

2. The decision to establish a precast concrete products plant is made after a number of purely economic considerations.

3. To establish a precast concrete products plant means to consider a number of purely economic factors.

4. To make the decision to establish a precast concrete products plant a number of purely economic factors should be considered.

5. A number of precast concrete products plants are to serve a multitude of building needs.

1. The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual.

2. We are to consider all the advantages and disadvantages to decide what plan is the best.

3. To have a forecast of future development a survey of the existing environment is made.

4. There is a considerable trend toward built-in-furniture.

5. It is very important for a designer to select and adapt the materials suitable for the building.

6. The fundamental object to be achieved in proportioning concrete or mortar mixes is the production of a durable material of requisite strength, water tightness and other essential properties at minimum cost.

7. To weigh the required quantities of each material is the most accurate method of measuring proportions of the constituents.

8. Concrete is used to form such parts of a building as walls, floors, beams or columns.

9.  It is possible to make concrete on the building site.

10. The amount of cement in the mixture is the factor to determine the strength of the concrete.

11. Concrete is considered to be stronger and more durable with more cement in the mixture.

12. To use too much water will make concrete weaker.

13. We have to pack the concrete densely into moulds.

14. For concrete to resist the main possible loads – compression and tension – steel rods are embedded into the mixture.

15. The aim of using steel rods or bars is to resist forces tending to pull the reinforced concrete apart.

16. The size of reinforced concrete beams in a design of this structure is to be reduced.