Participle I: образование, функции, перевод.

Translate the sentences:

1. The scientist making the report is very young.

2. The devices standing on the platform have been made in our plant.

3. The pace of outer space research is growing rapidly.

4. Making alloys the metallurgists use different metals.

5. Russian scientists are successfully developing quantum generators called lasers.

6. Tomorrow morning they will be continuing to discuss the results of his experiment.

7. When moving in space any object does work.

8. The flight of any object moving through the air depends upon the laws of aerodynamics.

9. The sky surrounding the Moon is black as night even in the daytime.

10. Using new methods we shall continue to increase accuracy and speed of analysis.

11. Being a very active element oxygen will combine with all but (кроме) a few of the other elements.

12. Atmosphere is a gaseous envelope surrounding the star, planets or satellites.

Сложные формы ПРИЧАСТИЯ I

Complex forms of PARTICIPLE I

Functions of participle (Функции)

Найдите причастие, определите его форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму и функцию причастия.

1. The oldest monuments, being met within architecture, are the colossal pyramids of Egypt.

2. Having undergone great changes, architecture of the 17^th century was marked by a return to classical forms and proportions of ancient Roman buildings.

3. A man designing buildings and making plans for them is called an architect.

4. Being manufactured in factories and assembled on the construction sites parts of buildings are called prefabricated.

5. Having been dried in the sun, bricks were used to build houses.

6. Huge reinforced concrete units, being manufactured in heated factory premises, are brought to the site.

7. Being seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and cathedrals, modern architects have no opportunities, which they had in the past.

8. Having originated from the efforts of primitive people to protect themselves, modern buildings, however, differ widely in their purposes. 

9. Having been designed to resist earthquakes, the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo didn’t fall in the terrible earthquake of 1923.

10. Primitive people built houses, using the building materials at hand.

Герундий.

Герундий – неличная форма глагола, имеющая грамматические особенности, как глагола, так и существительного и всегда выражающее действие как процесс. Например:

Increasing – увеличение

Синтаксические функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык:

for living in caves

for protecting from rain

for building houses

in using bricks

without thinking of their usefulness 

Отглагольное существительное (V_ing)

 обладает, в отличие от герундия, свойствами только существительного:

1. употребляется с артиклем;
2. имеет форму множественного числа;
3. может определяться прилагательным или причастием и принимает предложное дополнение (но после него не может стоять прямое дополнение).

В отличие от отглагольного существительного герундий не может иметь при себе артикля, не употребляется в форме множественного числа, принимает после себя прямое дополнение, а не предложное и, как глагол, имеет формы времени и залога.

На русский язык отглагольное существительное переводится СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМ.

They started the learning of physics in the 7th form.
Они приступили к изучению физики в 7-м классе.

(the learning — отглагольное существительное, of physics — предложное дополнение)

They started learning physics.
Они начали изучать физику.

(learning — герундий, physics — прямое дополнение)

The joyful laughing of the children was heard in the next room.
Радостный смех детей был слышен в соседней комнате.

She took part in the sittings of the committee.
Она приняла участие в заседаниях комитета.

I was awakened by their loud talking.
Я был разбужен их громким разговором.

(В последних трёх примерах все выделенные формы – отглагольные существительные!)

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на V_ing формы (причастие, отглагольное существительное, герундий):

А.

1. Men began building houses out of stone very long ago.

2. Their buildings were simple in construction.

3. They were building houses out of stone for centuries. 

4. Building houses out of stone began very long ago.

5. Building slanting roofs the Greeks protected themselves from rain.

6. They used stone in building houses.

7. Designing such buildings as churches and cathedrals is not a widely spread practice for modern architects.

8. Designing wonderful columns the Greeks became the teachers of the world in column building.

9. Huge pyramids were constructed only for protecting the body of a dead king (pharaoh).

10. The assembling of houses on the construction site is a widely spread practice nowadays.

11. Primitive people built houses protecting them from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies.

12. Damagings of different kinds left a lot of medieval houses in ruins. 

В.

1. Assembling units of this structure requires new technologies.

2. The assembling of structure units took much time.

3. Assembling the structure builders used a new technological method.

4. The construction trade workers assembling this structure were highly skilled.

5. The architect offered an original way of assembling that structure.