Retell the textCentrifugation

Theme 12. Equipment for food storage

Task 1 Topical Vocabulary

Task 2. . Read and translate the text into your native language:

 Food borne illnesses are reported very frequently these days. One of the reasons for such illnesses is no proper storage equipment at restaurants. But use of proper handling of food and proper food storage equipment can avoid contamination. Maintaining food at proper temperature can reduce spoilage and wastage.

Safe Handlings of Food

Identify the points of contamination and follow safe storage techniques. This includes using clear and lidded food storage containers that ensures food maintains a safe temperature. Somefoodstoragetips:

§ Examination of food at periodic intervals.

§ Assessing the temperature of food regularly.

§ Coolers and freezers help in safe storage.

§ Food which is shipped in cartons should be removed from cartoons and kept in clear storage boxes.

Safety Measures while Transporting Food.

While transporting food you need to maintain the proper temperatures to maintain food quality and avoid spoilage. Following are some tips:

§ Use lidded cans to avoid spilling.

§ Protect the temperature of the foods.

§ Use vans with food holding cabinets and shelves.

Industrial freezer units for bulk storage.

A commercial freezer can be used to store everything from game meat to frozen entrees, depending on your needs and specifications.

Ice Cream Freezer

An ice cream freezer is used for the commercial bulk storage of ice cream.

In many cases, a portable ice cream freezer is necessary to move around stock and to facilitate easy delivery of product from the truck to the storage unit. A wheel system with anti-roll brakes will increase portability as well as safety.

Cold storage is important for many businesses, but especially those in the food industry. Finding the right commercial freezer can help keep your products fresher longer, saving you time and money.

Food Storage - Mylar Bags

Mylar food storage bags are an integral component of any good food storage systems. Food grade metalized mylar bags are used for lining food storage pails. Mylar bags create an oxygen barrier to protect food during extended long term storage. If you want the best, use mylar bags which cut this air transfer down to almost nothing.

Food Storage - Plastic Food Storage Buckets

Made with a tapered design, plastic food storage buckets nest to save space, and they separate easily. Food storage pails and lids are made of high-density polyethylene and meet NMFC, FDA and UFC requirements. All food storage buckets have a sturdy wire bail with a plastic handgrip.

Theme 13.Exploring of Oil and Gas

Task 1. Topical vocabulary:

Task 2. Read and translate the text into your native language:

Exploring of Oil and Gas

Earth scientists in the petroleum industry – including geologists, geophysicists, geochemists and paleontologists - study what has happened to rocks that may be buried thousands of meters below surface, how those rocks were formed and affected by events stretching back millions of years, and how to identify traps where oil and gas accumulated within rock formations. An explorer may have a well-developed theory or intuition why an area should contain oil and gas. A first-hand look at outcrop geology and surface features sometimes helps to confirm the basic requirements - that there may be sedimentary rocks, potential reservoirs and hydrocarbon-bearing source rocks in a sedimentary basin. Within a basin, the explorer’s first step is to examine all the information already known about the area. This might include academic papers, surface geology observations, any wells drilled, data from relevant agencies or departments and previous exploration results from nearby or similar areas. Geophysicists can identify the structure, configuration, thickness and depth of new sedimentary basins by measuring slight variations in the Earth’s gravitational and magnetic fields and by measuring the time taken for seismic energy waves to pass through and be reflected from sedimentary layers.

In a typical trap, gas accumulates on the top of the reservoir as a “gas cap” over the oil, which in turn overlies the water-saturated zone in the reservoir. This occurs because natural gas is lighter than oil which is lighter than water. However, all three fluids are often intermingled in parts of the reservoir. Porosity is the ability of rock to hold oil and gas like water in a sponge. A trap requires three elements:

· A porous reservoir rock to accumulate the oil and gas- typically sandstones, limestones and dolomites

· An overlaying impermeable rock to prevent oil and gas from escaping

· A source for the oil and gas, typically black waxy shales.

·

There are 6 common oil and gas traps:

 1) thrust fault

 2) normal fault

 3) stratigraphic pinch-out

 4)reef

 5) anticlines

 6) salt dome

If it is impossible to obtain the geophysical data from regulatory bodies, the seismic survey isrequired. In a seismic survey it is necessary to lay out a line or several lines of sensitive receivers,called geophones or jugs, on the ground. Then explosions or mechanical vibrations are created onthe surface. The geophones record the energy reflected back as seismic waves from rock layers atvarious depths. Geophysicists and geologists examine the seismic data for the presence of suitabletraps and for similarities with other petroleum-producing areas. If the results seem promising, theyuse the seismic data to pinpoint where to drill a well.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What do geologists, geophysicists, geochemists and paleontologists study?

 2. What are the basic requirements for presence of oil and gas?

 3. What is necessary to know about a basin?

 4. How can geophysicists identify the structure, configuration, thickness and

depth of new sedimentary basins?

 5. Which form does natural gas accumulate in?

 6. What is lighter: oil, water or gas?

4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

a. 1. Сейсморазведка – это один из способов обнаружить нефть и природный газ.

b. Перед бурением скважины геологоразведчики собирают всю геологическую информацию.

c. На поверхности производят взрывы и механические вибрации.

d. Геофизики и геологи сравнивают сейсмические данные с данными других нефтедобывающих районов.

e. Для сейсморазведки нужны сейсмофоны и чувствительные приемники.

f. Пористость - это свойство породы удерживать нефть и газ, как воду в губке.

1. Retell the text Exploring of Oil and Gas