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Transport in the United States

The development of transport facilities was very important in the growth of the United States. The first travel routes were natural waterways. No surfaced roads existed until the 1790s, when the first highways were built. Besides the overland roads, many canals were constructed between the late 18^th century and 1850 to link navigable rivers and lakes in the eastern United States and in the Great Lakes region.

Steam railways began to appear in the East in the 1820s. The first transcontinental railway was constructed between 1862 and 1869 by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies, both of which received large subsidies from the federal government. Transcontinental railways were the chief means of transport used by European settlers who populated the West in the latter part of the 19^th century. The railways continued to expand until 1917, when their length reached a peak of about 407, 000 km. Since then motor transport became a serious competitor to the railway both for passengers and freight.

1. When were the first highways built in the USA?

2. For what purpose were many canals constructed in the 18^th and 19^th centuries?

3. When was the first transcontinental railway constructed?

4. Why were transcontinental railways so important in the latter part of the 19^th century?

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Automobile Production

All specialists in automobile industry must know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases: 1. designing; 2. working out the technology of manufacturing processes; 3. laboratory tests; 4.road tests; 5. mass manufacturing (production). It is important to know them, as before the automobile is put into mass production it should be properly designed and the car must meet up-to-date requirements.

What are these requirements? The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of handling and maintenance, pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and ecological. In order to obtain these qualities the specialists should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials.

The modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems, dependable ignition system, low fuel consumption and be stable on the road.

1. What should automobile specialists know?

2. What requirements must modern automobiles meet?

3. When are automobile units subjected to road tests?

4. What materials should be used for automobiles?

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Components of the Automobile

The automobile is made up of three basic parts: the power plant, the chassis and the body. The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.

The chassis includes a power train (power transmission), a running gear, steering and braking systems as well. The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels. The power transmission, in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts.

The running gear consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs. The body has a hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner, speedometer and so on. The body should provide protection to the passengers from wind, cold and rain. Brakes are necessary for stopping the car. Most braking systems used today are hydraulic.

1. What is the engine?

2. How many cylinders do engines have?

3. What is the function of the power train?

4. What provides protection to the passengers?

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Packing

Packing refers not only the materials used to prepare goods for transport, but also to the operation of putting goods into containers.

The package must maintain the purity and freshness of its contents and protect the contents from the outside environment; is the contents are harmful, corrosive, or poisonous, the package must also protect the outside environment. The packaging itself must present no chemical hazard as well. The package must identify the contents and their quality, and it must facilitate distribution.

The basic materials for packages today include paper, cellophane, steel, aluminium, glass, wood, textiles, and plastics. Conventional package forms include wraps, bags, cartons, cans, bottles, pails, drums, barrels, and container. All packages must be sealed in some way, and many require an opening for dispensing the contents. The contents are usually identified by direct imprinting or by applied label.

Liquids can be packed in various types of containers, such as jars, spray cans or demijohns.

1. What is packing?

2. What is package used for?

3. What are the basic materials for packages?

What are conventional package forms?

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Vehicles

A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Vehicles may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, and aircraft. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land are usually called crafts.

The vehicle must provide its own propulsion. This is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Most types of vehicles cause air pollution and use large amounts of land.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

1. What is a vehicle used for?

2. What vehicles are called crafts?

3. What means of propulsion can you name?

4. What is done through wheels?