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The Саr and the Environment

Most of us know that cars cause air pollution. Scientists tell us that if we don't do something soon, we will be unable to repair the damage that we are causing to our planet. What are some of the things we can do to help?

1. Buy a fuel-efficient car and keep it that way.

Good gas is a way to stop pollution. Choose a car that is friendly to the environment when you buy one.

2. Keep your car tuned up.

A car that badly tuned releases more pollutants into the air. If you keep track of your gas mileage, you'll know when something is wrong. A badly tuned car uses almost 10% more gas than a well-tuned car. Other ways to waste gas are: idling your car unnecessarily. If you are stopped for longer than a minute, it is more fuel efficient to turn off your engine. Using dirty fuel filters. Dirty fuel filters waste gas.

Air Conditioner Maintenance. Of course, this causes a big prob­lem for both us and our mechanics. Our mechanics will have to make sure that there are no leaks, and fix them if there are, before they can add any R-12 (freon) to our air conditioning systems. Naturally, this cost will be passed along to us.

1. Do cars do harm to the environment?

2. What can we do to prevent the atmosphere pollution?

3. Why should we keep our cars tuned?

4. What are other ways to waste gas?

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Brakes

Brakes are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary. It is one of the most mportant mechanisms of the car as upon its proper performance the safety of passengers depends.

Car brakes can be di­vided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes. Depending on their functions, the automobile has foot brakes and hand brakes (parking brakes). Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal.

Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. This system con­sists of a master cylinder mounted on the car frame and wheel cylin­ders. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, it forces the piston to move in the master cylinder and brake fluid is delivered from it to the wheel cylinders. The piston movement causes brake shoes to move and the brakes are applied (the brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums). The air brake uses compressed air to apply the braking force to the brake shoes.

Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort against the brake shoes.

1. Why are brakes one of the most important mechanisms of the car?

2. What are two main types of car brakes?

3. What braking systems are in use today?

4. How does hydraulic braking system work?

Краткое сообщение на иностранном языке по теме «Logistics».

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Steering System

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Road Safety

Every year several thousand people are killed on the roads. Every year hundred thousand people are injured. These people are killed and injured in road accidents. Accidents are often caused by carelessness of the people. The data indicate that in road accidents the pas­sengers who use different kinds of safety belts suffer from the impacts less than the passengers who don't use ones. It was shown that safety belts had reduced the risk of serious injuries. Accidents can be divided into three types as follows: 1. Head-on impacts between cars; 2. Side impacts caused by accidents at intersections; 3. Rear impacts in which the car (often stationary) is struck from the rear by another car.

Head-on accidents are the most numerous in which the driver and the front seat passenger suffer head injuries. That is why the most im­portant function of safety belts is to protect the driver and passenger from head injury. In up-to-date cars various types of safety cushions are used to pro­tect the lives of those sitting in the car.

1. Why do accidents happen on the roads?

2. What main types of accidents do you know?

3. Why are safety belts important?

4. What else is used in cars to protect the driver and passengers?

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Chassis

The main units of the chassis are: the power transmission, the run­ning gear and the steering mechanism.

The power transmission includes the whole mechanism between the engine and the rear wheels. This entire mechanism consists of the clutch, gearbox, propeller (cardan) shaft, rear axle, final drive, differential and axle shafts. At the front end of the car is the engine. On the back of it is the flywheel. Behind the flywheel is the clutch. The clutch is a friction de­vice connecting the engine with the gears of the gearbox. The main function of the gearbox is to change the speed of the car. The power is always transmitted by the cardan shaft to the live back axle.

The final drive reduces the high speed of the engine to the low speed of the driving wheels. The differential enables the driving wheels to turn at different speeds which is necessary when turning the car. The foundation of the automobile is the frame to which different chassis units are attached.

1. What are the main units of the chassis?

2. What does the power transmission include?

3. What is the clutch?

4. What is the main function of the gearbox?

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