Translate the following words and word combinations.

Система охлаждения, ухудшение изоляции, камера сгорания, контролировать температуру, добавлять воду, головка цилиндра, водяной насос, термостат, управлять температурой, количество жидкости, предотвращать замораживание, крышка радиатора, предотвращать вакуум, состоя из множества маленьких труб, добавляя антифриз, создавая поток воздуха, обеспечивая достаточное принудительное обветривание, окружая камеры сгорания, излучая высокую температуру, изменяя количество жидкости, предотвращая замораживание, добавляя некоторые присадки, охлаждая струёй воздуха, омывая стенки цилиндров.

Match the word combinations.

Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.

1. What is attached to the rotating element for fan ?

2. What is added to or substituted for water?

3. Where is the cooling system employed?

4. What causes deterioration of the insulation?

5. What are cooling agents employed customarily?

Use the verbs in brackets in the proper Active and Passive forms.

1. Cooling system ( to employ) to keep the temperature of a structure.

2. The oil a mechanical transmission ( to loose) its lubricating capacity.

3. An antifreeze solution either ( to add) or ( to substitute) for water.

4. The pistons in an overheated internal-combustion engine may ( to seize) in the cylinders.

5. A fan ( to draw) fresh air through the radiator.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Почти во всех автомобилях используется жидкостная система охлаждения их двигателей. 2. Компонентом системы охлаждения служит воздух или жидкость, либо в сочетании. 3. Для увеличения охлаждающего действия повышается площадь поверхности, картер может снабжаться тонкой металлической пластиной. 4. В электродвигателях перегрев является причиной ухудшения изоляции. 5. Системы охлаждения используют в автомобилях, промышленном машинном оборудовании, ядерных реакторах и во множествах других типов машин. 6. Чтобы предотвратить замерзание, антифриз добавляют в воду. 7. Во многих электромоторах, система предусматривает вентилятор, который прикреплен на вращающийся элемент, в результате чего создается поток воздуха, направленный на картер. 

Let’s have a fun

A guy driving a truck in the middle of nowhere...

A guy driving a truck in the middle of nowhere picks up a hitch-hiker. It gets dark and the hitch-hiker falls asleep. Suddenly bang, and the hitch-hiker wakes up,"what the hell was that?". The truck driver replies, "somekinda animal, go back to sleep." Further the same thing again, bang, "What the hell was that?", "some kinda animal again." Further into the night, bang, bang, bang, "What the hell was that?", "Some bastard!". "How terrible", says the hitch-hiker, "but there were 3 bangs" The truck driver replies, "Yeah, well I had to go through two fences to get the bastard. . ."

A guy was driving down the road in his Yugo...

A guy was driving down the road in his Yugo during a thunder storm, when his windshield wiper broke. He drives until he comes to an auto body shop. He goes into the shop, walks up to the counter and says, "Excuse me, but could you give me a windshield wiper for my Yugo?" The clerk leans against the counter and thinks for a while. Finally he says, "Sure...that sounds like a fair trade."

TEXT 3

Ignition System

1. Vocabulary to be remembered:

2. Read and translate the text.

Ignition System

Make up all types of questions to the contents of the text.

PART X

TRANSMISSION

1. Read and translate the texts.

TEXT I

The Starter

The petrol engine must usually be set in motion before an explosion can take place and power can be devel­oped; moreover, it cannot develop much power at low speeds. These difficulties have been overcome by the use of gears and clutches, which permit the engine to work at a speed higher than that of the wheels, and to work when the vehicle is at rest. An electric starter receiving its current from the storage battery turns the crank­shaft, thus starting the petrol engine. The starter motor is of a special type that operates under a heavy overload, producing high power for very short periods. In modern cars, the starter motor is automatically actuated when the ignition switch is turned on.

The Power Transmission

The engine power is delivered first to the flywheel and then to the clutch. From the clutch, which is the means of coupling the engine with the power-transmission units, the power flows through the transmission and is delivered into the rear-axle drive gears, or differential, by means of the drive shaft and universal joints. The dif­ferential delivers the power to each of the rear wheels through the rear-axle drive shafts.

The Clutch

Some type of clutch is found in every car. The clutch may be operated by means of a foot pedal, or it may be automatic or semi-automatic. The friction clutch and the fluid coupling are the two basic varieties. The friction clutch, which depends on solid contact between engine and transmission, consists of: the rear face of the fly­wheel; the driving plate, mounted to rotate with the fly­wheel; and the driven plate, between the other two. When the clutch is engaged, tin; driving plate presses the driven plate against the rear face of the flywheel. Engine power is then delivered through the contacting surfaces to the transmission.

Fluid coupling may he used either with or without the friction clutch. When it is the sole means of engagingthe engine to the transmission, power is delivered exclu­sively. Through an oil medium without any contact of solid parts, in this type, known as a fluid drive, an engine-driven, fan-bladed disc, known as the fluid flywheel, agitates the oil with sufficient force to rotate a second disc that is connected to the transmission. As the rota­tion of the second disc directly depends on the amount of engine power delivered, the prime result of fluid coupling is an automatic clutch action, which greatly simplifies the requirements for gear shifting.

TEXT II

Manual and Automatic Transmissions

The transmission is a mechanism that changes speed and power ratios between the engine and the driving wheels. Three general types of transmission are in cur­rent use: conventional or sliding-gear, Hydra-Matic, and torque-converter systems.

The conventional transmission provides for three or four forward speeds and one reverse speed. It consists of two shafts, each with gears of varying diameters. One shaft drives the other at a preselected speed by meshing the appropriate set of gears. For reverse speed, an extra gear, known as the idler gear, is required to turn the driven shaft in the opposite direction from normal rota­tion. In high gear, the two shafts usually turn at the same speed. In low, second, and reverse gears, the driven shaft turns more slowly than the driving shaft. When a pair of gears permits the driven shaft to turn more rapidly than the driving shaft, the transmission is said to have overdrive. Overdrive is designed to increase the speed of a car.

The Hydra-Matic type of transmission combines the automatic clutch provided by fluid coupling with a semi­automatic transmission. A mechanical governor, control­led by the pressure exerted on the accelerator pedal, regu­lates gear selection through a system of hydraulically controlled shift valves. Hydra-Matic transmission pro­vides for several forward gears.

The torque-converter type of transmission provides an unlimited number of gear ratios with no shifting of gears. The torque converter is a hydraulic mechanism using engine power to drive a pump, which impels streams of oil against the blades of a turbine. The tur­bine is connected to the drive shaft and causes it to ro­tate.

Both Hydra-Matic and torque-converter systems are controlled by a selector lever on the steering column, which provides also for reverse and sometimes for emer­gency-low gears.