Read and translate the text.

TEXT I

Automobile

Automobile is a self-propelled vehicle used primarily on public roads but adaptable to other surfaces. Automobiles changed the world during the 20^thcentury, particularly in the United States and other industrialized nations. From the growth of suburbs to the development of elaborate road and highway systems, the so-called horseless carriage has forever altered the modern landscape.

The manufacture, sale, and servicing of automobiles have become key elements of industrial economies. But along with greater mobility and job creation, the automobile has brought noise and air pollution, and automobile accidents rank among the leading causes of death and injury throughout the world. But for better or worse, the 1900s can be called the Age of the Automobile, and cars will no doubt continue to shape our culture and economy well into the 21^st century.

Automobiles are classified by size, style, number of doors, and intended use. The typical automobile, also called a car, auto, motorcar, and passenger car, has four wheels and can carry up to six people, including a driver. Larger vehicles designed to carry more passengers are called vans, minivans, omnibuses, or buses. Those used to carry cargo are called pickups or trucks, depending on their size and design. Minivans are van-style vehicles built on a passenger car frame that can usually carry up to eight passengers. Sport-utility vehicles, also known as SUVs, are more rugged than passenger cars and are designed for driving in mud or snow.

In 2001 manufacturing plants in more than 35 countries produced 39.5 million passenger cars. About 7.3 million passenger vehicles were produced in North America in 2001.

The automobile is built around an engine. Various systems supply the engine with fuel, cool it during operation, lubricate its moving parts, and remove exhaust gases it creates. The engine produces mechanical power that is transmitted to the automobile’s wheels through a drivetrain, which includes a transmission, one or more driveshafts, a differential gear, and axles. Suspension systems, which include springs and shock absorbers, cushion the ride and help protect the vehicle from being damaged by bumps, heavy loads, and other stresses. Wheels and tires support the vehicle on the roadway and, when rotated by powered axles, propel the vehicle forward or backward. Steering and braking systems provide control over direction and speed. An electrical system starts and operates the engine, monitors and controls many aspects of the vehicle’s operation, and powers such components as headlights and radios. Safety features such as bumpers, air bags, and seat belts help protect occupants in an accident.

Match the word combinations.

4. Try to guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations:

Adaptable to the natural conditions, providing control over direction and speed braking system, for better or worth, no doubt, helping protect occupants in an accident air bags, producing a large number of omnibuses, having fastenedseat belts, removing in the atmosphere exhaust gases, having been scratchedbumpers, rotating axles.

Translate the following words and word combinations.

Транспортное средство, подвесная система, тормозная система, поверхность, шум и загрязнение воздуха, авария, повреждения, количество дверей, перевозить до 6 человек, легковой автомобиль, двигатель, выхлопные газы¸ смазывать части, топливо, фары, подушка, ремни безопасности.

Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.

1. How many passengers can it carry on?

2. What do trucks and pickups carry on?

3. Automobile industry is developed well nowаdays. Can you call countries producing automobiles? What country takes the first place in producing automobiles?

4. What supports the vehicle on the roadway?

5. What do steering and breaking systems provide?

6. What features help to protect occupants in an accident?

Use the verbs in brackets in the proper Active and Passive forms.

1. New models (to invent) by this company last year. 2. Why our government (not to want) to support the automobile industry? 3. My husband (to like) sport-utility vehicles. 4. Larger vehicles (to call) vans, minivans, omnibuses, or buses. 5. Headlights () with dirty. 6. The offer of our chief (not to discuss) at the meeting. 7. About 7.3 million passenger vehicles (to produce) in North America in 2001. 8 What (to rotate) the axles? 9. Various systems (to supply) the engine with fuel.10. Suspension system (to damage) by bumps.

Ask the questions to the following sentences.

1. Wheels and tires support the vehicle on the roadway. (What?) 2. About 7.3 million passenger vehicles were produced in North America in 2001. (How many? Where?) 3. Automobiles changed the world during the 20^th century. (In what century…?) 4. Mechanical power is transmitted to the automobile’s wheels through a drivetrain. (What? Where?) 5. Suspension systems, which include springs and shock absorbers, cushion the ride. (…, isn’tit?)

MakeupParticipleI.

Изменяя мир, производя авто, формируя нашу культуру, включая водителя, имея 4 колеса, перевозя до 6 пассажиров, завися от размера и дизайна, охлаждая двигатель во время работы, выбрасывая выхлопные газы, смазывая его движущиеся части, защищая от повреждений, вращая оси, обеспечивая контроль над направлением и скоростью, влияя на экономику, навсегда изменив образ жизни, расширяя важный источник занятости.

10. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Почему они уменьшили цены? 2. Сколько заводов по производству машин они построили? 3. Автомобильная промышленность больше не может обеспечить нас работой. 4. Многие страны стали зависимы от мобильности, которую обеспечивают автомобили, грузовики и автобусы. 5. Рулевая и тормозная системы обеспечивают контроль над направлением и скоростью.6. Стандартный автомобиль может перевозить до 6 человек, включая водителя. 7.Разные системы поставляют топливо в двигатель, охлаждают его во время работы, смазывают его движущиеся части. 8. Механическая энергия передается на колеса авто через ходовую часть. 9. Изобретение и внедрение автомобилей навсегда изменило наш образ жизни. 10. Будут ли автомобили продолжать формировать нашу культуру и развивать нашу экономику?

The answer to the eternal question

A man was speeding down the highway, feeling secure in a gaggle of cars all traveling at the same speed. However, as they passed a speed trap, he got nailed with an infrared speed detector and was pulled over.

The officer handed him the citation, received his signature and was about to walk away when the man asked, "Officer, I know I was speeding, but I don't think it's fair - there were plenty of other cars around me who were going just as fast, so why did *I* get the ticket?"

"Ever go fishing?" the policeman suddenly asked the man.

"Ummm, yeah..." the startled man replied.

The officer grinned and added, "Ever catch *all* the fish?"

TEXT II

Engine

1. Vocabulary to be remembered: