Read and translate the text.

Engine

The modern automobile is a complex technical system employing subsystems with specific design functions. Some of these consist of thousand of component parts that have evolved from breakthroughs in existing technology or from new discoveries such as electronic computers, high strength plastics and new alloys of steel and nonferrous metals as well as from factors such as air pollution, safety legislation, and foreign competition.

New technical developments are recognized to be the key to successful competition. Research and development engineers and scientists have been employed by all automobile manufacturers and suppliers to improve the car body, chassis, engine, drive train, vehicle control systems, occupant safety, and environmental emissions, and further work by the industry is necessary to meet the needs of the 21^st century.

Translate the Participles constructions into Russian. 

Supporting the automobile industry, having called the suppliers, improving the car body, providing occupant safety, consisting of thousand of component parts, meeting the needs of the modern society, evolved from breakthroughs in existing technology, having compared alloy of steel and nonferrous metals, working out safety legislation, applying new alloys in this branch of industry.

Discuss the following questions in the groups.

1. What is the key to the successful competition?

2. When will the “AUTOVAS” begin to manufacture qualitative automobiles?

3. Do the modern automobiles consist of different subsystems?

4. What types of cars do you prefer?

5. Is a new automobile a complex technical system?

6. Who helps manufacturers and suppliers improve the car body, engine and so on?

7. Engine is the most important component part of automobile, isn’t it?

8. Where is it better to buy a new auto in our country?

9.New alloys of steel and nonferrous metals are introduced thanks to the achievements of technics, aren’t they?

10. Is it necessary to develop existing technology?

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Пока мы не начнем внедрять существующие технологии для создания автомобилей, они не будут совершенствоваться.

2. Как только цена новых сплавов уменьшится, продажа наших авто увеличится.

3. Автомобили будут продолжать загрязнять окружающую среду до тех пор, пока не будет улучшен двигатель.

4. Если отечественные производители внедрят последние достижения науки и техники, наши авто станут более комфортабельными.

5. Как только наши автомобили начнут соответствовать мировым требованиям, их продажа возрастет.

6. Как только мы начнем использовать опыт зарубежных коллег, качество наших авто улучшится.

Let’s have a fun

 One day there was a family driving in the car to Michigan to visit their relatives. They were looking for the street they had to turn on to get to their relatives house. They accidently turned on the wrong street so they had to pull in a driveway and turn around. When they pulled into the driveway the girl asked her mother "Why don’t these people have electricity?" Very confused the mother said, "What are we talking about?" The girl quickly replied, "Well, the sign back there said NO OUTLET!"

First condition

First condition sentences express real possibilities. Notice that we don’t usually use will in the ifclause.

If producers improve the car body, chassis, engine, drive train, vehicle control systems, the sale of cars will increase.

What will you do if the pressure in the cylinders reduces?

Second condition

Second condition sentences express unreal or improbable situations. We use past tense forms to show “unreality” and distance from the present.

If I were the Prime Minister, I’d increase income tax.

What would you do if manufacturers and suppliers improved the car body, engine and so on?

Both first and second conditional sentences refer to the present and future. The difference is not about time but probability.

If I win the tennis match, I’ll … (I think it’s possible)

If I won 5 million rubles, I’d … (but I don’t think it’ll happen)

Finish the sentences.

a. If there weren’t different types of engines, …

b. If there weren’t pressure in the engine, …

c. If the pressure increases in the engine,

d. If the engine isn’t cooled,

e. If he lubricated the cams and valve lifters, …

f. If the manufacturers didn’t improve the component parts, …

g. If the automobile didn’t have subsystems with specific design functions,

h. If the moving parts weren’t lubricated, …

i. As soon as the new engines appear. … .

j. Before you increase pressure in the cylinders, …

k. If you don’t add antiknock compounds in diesel fuel, …

l. If Russian engineers used new alloys of steel and high strength plastic,

4. Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions:

1 .Why couldn’t electric cars compete with internal combustion engine cars?

2. What trend began in the late 40-s in the USA?

3. By what methods was engine capacity tried to increase?

4. Why was there brought a return to smaller cars?

5. What were the differences of European cars compared to American cars?

TEXT III

Engine Types