Explain structure of science system in Kazakhstan since the period of its independence (1991) as it changed and transformed.

What is research? Name different kinds of research. Explain your answer.

Research is a process to discover new knowledge. Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic, or in the example of a school research project, they can be used to further a student's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc.

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):

· Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or question.

· Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.

· Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence.

Research attempts to answer intellectual and practical questions through application of systematic methods. The types of research methodologies vary and are often classified into five categories. Specific academic fields tend to apply certain methodologies more than others:

· Qualitative: Involves describing in details specific situations using research tools like interviews, surveys, and observation. Qualitative researchers are more concerned with understanding what is happening as viewed by the participants.

· Quantitative: Requires quantifiable data involving numerical and statistical explanations. Quantitative researchers seek to explain the causes of change primarily through objective measurement and quantitative analysis (statistics).

· Correlation/Regression Analysis: Involves determining the strength of the relationship between two or more variables. Correlation / regression researchers determine whether correlations exist between two quantitative variables.

· Experimental: Relies on controlled experiments that compare the outcome for an experimental and a control group that differ in a defined way. Experiments have a control group, subjects are randomly assigned between the groups, and researchers tests the effects of one or more variables on the outcome.

· Meta-Analysis: Designed to analyze multiple studies to determine if there is a consensus regarding the correctness of a hypothesis. Meta analysis researchers combine the findings from independent studies.

Explain structure of science system in Kazakhstan since the period of its independence (1991) as it changed and transformed.

The Republic of Kazakhstan has a powerful scientific and technical potential, formed as a result of the alloying of the scientific heritage of Soviet times and the development of domestic scientific research in the era of independence. During the USSR in many fields of science: metallurgy of non-ferrous metals, catalysis, physics, mathematics, space research, mining, chemistry, biologically active substances, high-molecular compounds, biochemistry and physiology of humans, animals and plants, geography and botany. Social sciences have successfully developed. Many works of Kazakhstani scientists received world recognition, including in geology, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and other branches of science. With the republic's gaining independence in 1991, Kazakhstan faced the task of forming its own scientific base. The first steps along this path were the creation of a legislative and organizational foundation for the activities of Kazakhstan's science. In 1992, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Science and Scientific and Technical Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted and the Ministry of Science and New Technologies of the Republic of Kazakhstan was established. In 1992-1993 years. structures were formed that determine the scientific and technical policy of sovereign Kazakhstan: on standardization, certification of scientific personnel, state registration of research and development work, deposited manuscripts and dissertations, and the granting of patents. In 1993 the republican target scientific and technical program "Development of the state system of scientific and technical information of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted. In the same years, a number of national scientific centers were organized: on radio electronics and communications, integrated processing of mineral raw materials, biotechnology and the National Nuclear Center. In 1996-1999 years. in the system of management of the scientific and technical sphere, a number of organizational changes were carried out related to the definition of the responsible executive body, the supervision of the development of science in the Republic of Kazakhstan (such was the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan), as well as the reform of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, former state. At the same time, the process of secession from the branch administration or association with universities began. In 2001, on the basis of the Concept of Scientific, Scientific and Technical Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, developed earlier, the Law "On Science" regulating social relations in the field of science and scientific and technical activities, defining the rights and duties of subjects of scientific and scientific and technical spheres. In the same year, the Program of Innovative Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2015 was approved. In July 2002, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Innovation Activities" was adopted. The goal of the state innovation policy is a balanced production infrastructure that ensures the prevalence of competitive, high-tech products (works, services) in various areas of production and use of public management. A new stage in improving the management of science and the scientific and technical sphere began in 2006. The main characteristic of the structural reforms of science implemented in 2006 is the new decision-making system, the idea of ​​which was unveiled by the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev at a lecture at the Eurasian National University 26 May 2006. The importance of this system was emphasized by the fact that the Prime Minister of the country headed the Higher Scientific and Technical Commission under the Government (VNTK), established in August 2006.