Complete these sentences so that they are true for you.

1. I can ________________________________________________________

2. I can’t _______________________________________________________

3. Tomorrow I may _______________________________________________

4. This week I ought to ____________________________________________

5. Tomorrow I have to _____________________________________________

6. Tonight I might ________________________________________________

MODULE 2. ARCHITECTURE

Unit 1. Forms and Functions of Architecture

1.1 Read the text:

Architecture, Construction, Ecology:

Its forms and Functions

Architecture is the art or science of planning, building and structures. Without consideration of structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements a building cannot take form. But without aesthetical quality inherent in its form a building cannot be considered as a work of architecture as well.

Architecture is an art. Its nowadays expression should be creative and consequently new. The heritage of the past cannot be ignored, but it must be expressed in modern terms.

Architecture is also a style or manner of building in a particular country or period of history. There are widely known examples of Gothic architecture all round the globe. During many centuries mankind admires the architecture of ancient Greece or Roman Empire as well.

Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius listed three basic factors and architecture. They are convenience, strength and beauty. These three factors have been present and are always interrelated in the best constructions till the 21^st century.

 This triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons why architecture is a difficult art. It needs some unique type of imagination as well as long years of training and experience to make a designer capable of getting requite in the light of these three factors – use, construction and esthetic effect – simultaneously. The designer must have a good knowledge as of engineering as of building materials. The designer, in addition, must possess the creative imagination, which will enable him to integrate the plan and the construction into the harmonies whole. The architect’s feeling of satisfaction in achieving such integration is one of his/her/their greatest rewards.

• GRAMMAR FOCUS

Reported Speech                                                  Косвеннаяречь

В переводе из прямой речи в косвенную речь меняются следующие наречия и обстоятельства времени:   

Now        → then

Today      → that day

Tonight    → that night/that evening

Yesterday → the day before, the previous day

Tomorrow →the following day/next day, the day after

Last Sunday → the previous Sunday   

Next week → the following week    

Change these statements into reported speech.

1. Mike said: “I like sky diving. It isn’t dangerous.”

2. Suzie said: “I fell off my BMX bike eight times yesterday.”

3. Christine said: “I really enjoyed water skiing last summer.”

4. Dave said: “I hadn’t heard this CD before you played it.”

5. Johnny said: “I’ll go and help them.”

6. Pauline said: “I enjoyed climbing Everest.”

2. Change the following Yes/No questions into reported interrogatives.

1. “Did you enjoy the concert, John?” she asked.

2. “Do you often go skiing, Elena?” asked Julia.

3. “Have you ever been to Siena, Mick?” asked Rob.

4. “Are you enjoying yourselves, children?” asked Jo.

5. “Does Muriel eat meat?” asked Angela.

6. “Is Donald happy in his new job?” asked George.

3. Change the following Wh-questions into reported interrogatives using the verbs in brackets in the past simple.

1. Mary: “When is Jane coming tomorrow?” (ask)

2. Sammy: “How are we going to travel to Spain?” (want to know)

3. Joyce: “Why did you phone him last night?” (ask)

4. Brian: “Who has read this novel?” (wonder)

5. Alex: “Where will you go for your holidays?” (inquire)

6. Laura: “What is the time?” (want to know)

Unit 2 Green Buildings

1. Read the text:

What is Meant by “Bioclimatic Architecture”

   Bioclimatic architecture is a way of designing buildings and manipulating the environment within buildings by working with natural forces around the building rather than against them. Thus it concerns itself with climate as a major contextual generator, and with benign environments using minimal energy as its target. Bioclimatic architecture aims to protect and enhance the environment and life. It is developing on many different levels from rethinking basic concepts about our need for shelter and the function of the “city” in our lives to developing recycled or sustainable building materials.

     The impact of traditional building on the environment and natural resources is enormous. However, the ideal of designing and building structures that are environmentally friendly has become fairly widespread throughout the community of architects and builders in developed nations. In many areas there is the necessity of complying with new regulations and standards aimed at protecting the environment. In addition, there are an increasing number of incentives for putting up buildings with more efficient energy consumption and that reduces the negative impacts on natural resources by using recycled or sustainable materials. While these vary around the world, there is awareness that our need for shelter must not jeopardize the environment.

       There is growing interest in “green” building practice, which offer an opportunity to create environmentally sound and resource-efficient buildings by using an integrated approach to design. “Green” buildings promote resource conservation through energy efficiency, renewable energy, and water conservation features. They take into consideration the environmental impact of the building and minimize waste. Other goals are to create a healthy and comfortable, reduce operation and maintenance costs, and address issues such as historical preservation, access to public transportation and other community infrastructure systems. The entire life cycle of the building and its components is considered, as well as the economic and environmental impact and performance.

Key vocabulary

Benign – adj. благотворный

Comply – v исполнять (просьбу, приказ)

Conviction – nубеждение, убежденность

Enhance – vусиливать, повышать

Haveanimpact – vоказывать влияние/воздействие

Incentive – n побуждение, стимул

Jeopardize – v угрожать, подвергать опасности

• GRAMMAR FOCUS

1. Yesterday you ran into your friend of yours, Helen. Helen told you a lot of things. Here are some of the things she said to you: