Identify the topic of each paragraph of the text.

Complete the sentences choosing the best variant corresponding to the contents of the text.

1. In yearly times people constructed their homes from

a) stone available

b) any material available

c) bricks

2. At the time of Renaissance in the 15^th and 16^th centuries a new sort of building specialist was

a) a master stonemason

b) a craftsman

c) an artist

3. In the 19^th century advances in science meant that

a) a system of trial and error was relied on.

b) design calculations were introduced

c) new materials began to be used.

4. The construction of the skyscraper made was possible by

a) the use of steel framing, the invention of the elevator, the telephone, and air conditioning.

b) the use of steel framing.

c) the invention of the elevator and air conditioning.

5. Now the construction process is highly organized because

a) it includes the manufacturers of building products.

b) it involves design professionals.

c) it involves different sorts of building experts.

• GRAMMAR FOCUS

Passive voice                                                              Страдательный залог

В форме страдательного залога могут быть только переходныеглаголы, т.е. глаголы, после которых в действительном залоге стоит прямое дополнение.

Образование

Употребление

В страдательном залоге часто употребляются Present, Past, FutureSimple.

ФормыPresent, Past, Future Perfect, Present, Past Progressiveвстречаютсяреже.

Формы глаголов FutureProgressive, а также всех времен группы PerfectProgressive в страдательном залоге не употребляются.

Change the sentences from Active to Passive.

1. They grow a lot of oranges in Sicily.

A lot of oranges are grown in Sicily.

2. People borrow lots of books from the library every day.

________________________________________________________________

3. They print the books in Hong Kong.

______________________________________________________________

4. They don’t use artificial colouring in these sweets.

_______________________________________________________________

5. They make parmesan cheese near Parma.

_______________________________________________________________

6. They wrote this poem two thousand years ago.

_______________________________________________________________

7. They speak English and German here.

_______________________________________________________________

8. They will build MINI cars in oxford.

_______________________________________________________________

Choose the correct alternative.

1. The arrangements has been/had been made before I arrived.

2. Their wedding has been/had beenannounced before I knew about it.

3. The results have been/were given last night.

4. Our lunch is being/is cooked now.

5. The match wasn’t /wasn’t being played when we arrived.

6. Our house was/had been built in 2005.

3. Tick (˅) the correct sentences and correct the sentences that contain mistakes.

1. □ Glass bottles is made in that factory.  __________________________

2. □ Cocoa is produced in West Africa.      __________________________

3. □ The bread is been baked now.              __________________________

4. □ The wheel was invented a long time ago. __________________________

5. □ New laws were being introduced when I was in Egypt.___________________

6. □ The motor car wasn’t widely use before 1950. _______________________

Translate sentences from Russian into English.

1. Университет был основан в 1944 г.

2. В настоящее время университет возглавляется профессором Вагиным.

3. Учебные аудитории оснащены современным оборудованием.

4. В университете введена многоуровневая система.

5. Выпускникам присваивается степень бакалавра наук, магистра наук.

6. Студенты зачисляются в университет согласно результатам ЕГЭ.

7. Содержание предметов определяется по государственным стандартам.

8. Все предметы группируются по областям.

9. Учебный год делится на семестры и сессии.

Write a new sentence with the same meaning.

1. Somebody has stolen my keys. My keys have been stolen.

2. Somebody stole my car last week. My car…………….

3. Somebody wants you on the phone. You……………..

4. Somebody has eaten the bananas. The………………..

5. Somebody will repair the machine. The……………….

6. Somebody is watching us. We ………………………..

7. Somebody has to buy the food. The …………………..

Complete the sentences.

1. We were invited (invite) to the party but we didn’t go.

2. The museum is very popular. Every year it ………………. (visit) by thousands of people.

3. Many buildings …………. (damage) in the storm last week.

4. A new road is going to ……………. (build) next year.

5. “Where is your jacket?” “It …………… (clean). It will be ready tomorrow.”

6. She is famous now. But in a few years her name will ………………. (forget).

7. “Shall I do the washing up?” No, it ……………….. (already /do).

8. Milk should ……………… (keep) in a fridge.

9. ……………………… you/ ever /bite by a snake.

10. My bag ……………. (steal) from my car yesterday afternoon.

Unit 2 Traditional and Modern Building Materials

1. Read the text:

Modern Building Materials

Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper consistency. It has many valuable properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and also resist fire. Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while prefabricated blocks are employed on vast scale for skeleton structures.

Aggregate for concrete

By the simple definition from the dictionary “aggregates are the materials, such as sand and small stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete.

Aggregates have three principle functions in the concrete: they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder, they provide a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting the action of applied loads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate factors, they reduce volume changes resulting from the action of the setting and hardening of the concrete mass.

All aggregates, both natural and artificial, which nave sufficient strength and resistance to weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete.

As aggregates such natural materials as sand, pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag, cinder, pumice and others can be used.

Prestressed concreteis not a new material. Its successful use has been developed rapidly during the last two decades, chiefly because steel of a more suitable character has been produced. Concrete is strong in compression but weak when used for tensile stresses.

If, therefore, we consider a beam made of plain concrete, and spanning a certain distance, it will at once be realized that the beam’s own weight will cause the beam to ‘sag’ or bend. This sagging at once puts the lower edge of the beam in tension, and if the cross-sectional are is small, causes it to break, especially if the span is relatively large. If , on the other hand, we use the similar cross-section, but incorporate steel bars in the lower portion, the steel will resist the tensile stress derived from the sagof the beam, and thus assist in preventing it from breaking.

Key vocabulary

Bend – v сгибаться; гнуться; изгибаться

Crack – n 1.треск 2.трещина

Desire- желание; просьба, требование

Gravel - гравий

Load – n груз; нагрузка

Sag – v оседать; падать

Store – n запас; склад

Tensile – растяжимый

• GRAMMAR FOCUS

Passive Voice