Work of an in-patient department.

When patients are admitted to the hospital first of all they are received by a nurse of duty at the reception ward. The nurse of duty fills in patients’ case histories in which she writes down their names, age, place of work, occupation, address and the initial diagnosis made by a doctor at the polyclinic. Then the doctor on duty examines the hospitalized patients and gives his instructions what department and wards the patients are to be admitted to. At the in-patient departments of a hospital life begins early in the morning. The nurses on duty take the patients’ temperature, give them different injections, take stomach juice for analysis, apply cups and give all the prescribed remedies in the doses indicated by the ward doctors. At about 9 o’clock in the morning the doctors begin the daily rounds of the wards during which they examine all the patients. After the medical examination the doctors administer the patients different procedures. Some patients are administered a bed regime, others are allowed to walk and so on. All the doctors always treat the patients with great attentions and care.  

At a Chemist’s.

There are usually 2 departments in a large chemist’s. At the chemist’s department one can have the medicine immediately, other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription department. At any chemist’s all the drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Every small bottle, a tube or a box of medicine has label on it. White labels indicate drugs for internal use, yellow ones indicate drugs for external use, blue ones indicate drugs used for injection. The dose to be taken and the directions for the administration are also indicated on a label. At a chemist’s one can buy different drugs for intramuscular and intravenous injections, for oral administration and for external use. Before using the medicine the patient must know well that he is taking the proper drug and in the necessary dosage.  

Parts of the skeleton.

Human skeleton consists of several parts. These parts are skull, trunk, upper and lower extremity. The skull is the main part of the head and face. The skull is composed of twenty-six bones. These bones form facial and cranial parts of the skull. The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. There is the brain in the cranial cavity. The smaller cavities are the cavity of the nose, two orbits, and oral cavity. The trunk consists of the spine and the chest. The chest is composed of the breastbone and the ribs.  The chest takes part in respiratory movements. The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. The thigh is the longest bone in the human body. The lower extremity is connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

The heart is the main organ of the human being.

The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium. The base of the heart is against the third rib. Its apex is against the interspace between the fifth and sixth costal cartilages. The heart consists of 2 separate chambers. Each of the cambers has 2 connected parts: the atrium and the ventricle. The human heart contracts from the first moment of life until the last one. The contractions of the heart  pump the blood through the arteries to all the parts of the body. In the adult the heart makes from 60 to 70 beats per minute. Each beat of the heart is followed by a period of rest for the cardiac muscle. Each wave of contraction and a period of rest following it compose a cardiac cycle. Each cardiac cycle consists of three phases: the first phase of short contraction of both atria – the atrial systole; the second phase of a more prolonged contraction of both ventricle – the ventricular systole; and the last phase - the diastole. The left ventricle discharges out the blood received from the left atrium from the pulmonary circulation through the aorta to the systemic circulation. The blood received from the systemic circulation be the right atrium is discharge out of the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.

Structure of the lungs.

The lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. They are covered with the pleura. There are over 700 million alveoli in the lungs. The lungs have many capillaries. This particular structure of the lungs enables the exchange of gases between the alveolar air and the blood. When one breathes normally not all the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are opened. The flow of blood into the lungs increases when one breathes in and it decrease when one breathes out. The parenchyma or the proper substance of the lungs consists of the bronchial tree with elastic tissue and vessels.

Work of the brain.

There is the brain in the skull. The weight of the human brain is from 1 to 2 kilograms. It has a volume of about 3.21 litres and consists of about 12 billion cells. Each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly by nerve fibers. The brain is the centre of a wide system of communication. A constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The stimuli come to the brain from different sense organs for different feelings. A lot of scientists estimate the function of the different areas of the brain. And it is due to their experiments they have been able to determine those areas of the brain which controls vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions. For example it has been determined that the motor cortex controls many body movements of the human being. And it becomes tired rapidly. The nervous cells of the cortex are the most delicate of all the cells of the human body. It is at the moment of tiredness of the cortical nervous cells that the process of inhibition begins to act. This process does not allow new stimuli to pass to the tired areas of the brain. To provide the smooth work of the brain the nervous cells must be well supplied with oxygen and feeding substances. And for this purpose any human being must have regular complete rest – sleep. When one sleeps the vital activity of the nervous system is restored. So sleep is of a great protective significance to the human being. When one sleeps though the stimuli continue to come into the brain, the inhibited cortical cells do not react to them.